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美联储评估美国经济:K型经济与AI泡沫并存

财富中文网 2025-12-01 21:02:05

美联储评估美国经济:K型经济与AI泡沫并存
美联储主席杰罗姆·鲍威尔(Jerome Powell)将在12月会议上对通胀压力和就业放缓两大目标展开权衡。图片来源:Alex Wong/Getty Images

美联储最新的褐皮书显示美国经济正急剧分化,富裕家庭继续消费,而中低收入消费者开始在财务压力下萎缩:这是迄今为止最清晰的迹象,表明经济正分裂成明显的K型形态。

美联储的最新报告描述了美国社会阶层之间日益扩大的差距,并指出“中等收入消费者出现承压的早期迹象”。

在收入较低的一端,家庭正在减少外出就餐,转而购买更便宜的杂货,对汽车价格感到“震惊”,并对价格上涨反应更为激烈。数个联储辖区的零售商指出,注重预算的购物者对价格或促销活动的微小变化变得越来越敏感。随着低收入食客减少消费,快餐连锁店的销售额也出现“显著下降”。

在收入分配的顶端,情况则大不相同。高收入家庭——那些最直接受益于资产增值的家庭——继续强劲消费。旅游预订保持坚挺,可自由支配支出保持稳定,且“高端零售支出仍具韧性”。

来自不同行业领袖的坊间证据与数据中清晰显现的情况相呼应。穆迪分析的首席经济学家马克·赞迪 (Mark Zandi) 发现,目前前10%的家庭占据了美国全部消费者支出的大约一半——这种前所未有的集中度使得经济在总体上看起来比大多数身处其中的人的感受更为健康。

然而,高收入消费者的这种韧性在很大程度上——虽然间接却强有力地——得到了人工智能相关股票爆炸性上涨的支撑。英伟达 (Nvidia)、微软 (Microsoft)、亚马逊 (Amazon)以及更广泛的数据中心生态系统推动的市场反弹如此强劲,以至于显著提升了最富裕美国家庭的资产负债表。

自称“永久熊派”、作为法国兴业银行 (Société Générale) 全球策略师提供“另类观点”的阿尔伯特·爱德华兹 (Albert Edwards) 最近告诉《财富》,他确信市场存在泡沫状况,但这对他来说并不新鲜。“我认为存在泡沫,但话说回来,我总是认为存在泡沫,”爱德华兹在最近一次播客节目中告诉彭博社,他向《财富》解释说,不平等因素使得这次有所不同。

“关于AI泡沫更令人担忧的是,”爱德华兹说,“经济对这一主题的依赖程度有多深,不仅仅是推动增长的企业投资,”还有消费增长在很大程度上由最富裕群体主导这一事实。他补充说,这个群体的财富“因股市上涨而膨胀”,是一个主要担忧,如果股市出现大幅回调,这些财富以及整个经济将“受到非常、非常严重的打击”。

在多个辖区,美联储的联系人向褐皮书报告称,人们对当前的繁荣明显感到谨慎。制造商将此刻描述为“集体屏息”,担心AI支出可能跑在了潜在需求的前面。

这造成了一种不寻常的动态:正如市场最近所担忧的那样,支撑消费者支出的家庭,也正是最容易受到任何可能的AI驱动的市场回调冲击的家庭。如果AI热潮放缓,无论是由于融资限制、能源瓶颈还是企业情绪转变,“K”型的顶端可能会迅速走弱。而且由于这个顶端现在驱动着如此大份额的消费,整体经济几乎会立即感受到影响。AI驱动的支出现在占GDP增长的一半,这就是为什么特朗普政府的人工智能和加密货币事务负责人戴维·萨克斯 (David Sacks) 在X平台上表示“我们承担不起倒退的后果”。(*)

译者:中慧言-王芳

美联储最新的褐皮书显示美国经济正急剧分化,富裕家庭继续消费,而中低收入消费者开始在财务压力下萎缩:这是迄今为止最清晰的迹象,表明经济正分裂成明显的K型形态。

美联储的最新报告描述了美国社会阶层之间日益扩大的差距,并指出“中等收入消费者出现承压的早期迹象”。

在收入较低的一端,家庭正在减少外出就餐,转而购买更便宜的杂货,对汽车价格感到“震惊”,并对价格上涨反应更为激烈。数个联储辖区的零售商指出,注重预算的购物者对价格或促销活动的微小变化变得越来越敏感。随着低收入食客减少消费,快餐连锁店的销售额也出现“显著下降”。

在收入分配的顶端,情况则大不相同。高收入家庭——那些最直接受益于资产增值的家庭——继续强劲消费。旅游预订保持坚挺,可自由支配支出保持稳定,且“高端零售支出仍具韧性”。

来自不同行业领袖的坊间证据与数据中清晰显现的情况相呼应。穆迪分析的首席经济学家马克·赞迪 (Mark Zandi) 发现,目前前10%的家庭占据了美国全部消费者支出的大约一半——这种前所未有的集中度使得经济在总体上看起来比大多数身处其中的人的感受更为健康。

然而,高收入消费者的这种韧性在很大程度上——虽然间接却强有力地——得到了人工智能相关股票爆炸性上涨的支撑。英伟达 (Nvidia)、微软 (Microsoft)、亚马逊 (Amazon)以及更广泛的数据中心生态系统推动的市场反弹如此强劲,以至于显著提升了最富裕美国家庭的资产负债表。

自称“永久熊派”、作为法国兴业银行 (Société Générale) 全球策略师提供“另类观点”的阿尔伯特·爱德华兹 (Albert Edwards) 最近告诉《财富》,他确信市场存在泡沫状况,但这对他来说并不新鲜。“我认为存在泡沫,但话说回来,我总是认为存在泡沫,”爱德华兹在最近一次播客节目中告诉彭博社,他向《财富》解释说,不平等因素使得这次有所不同。

“关于AI泡沫更令人担忧的是,”爱德华兹说,“经济对这一主题的依赖程度有多深,不仅仅是推动增长的企业投资,”还有消费增长在很大程度上由最富裕群体主导这一事实。他补充说,这个群体的财富“因股市上涨而膨胀”,是一个主要担忧,如果股市出现大幅回调,这些财富以及整个经济将“受到非常、非常严重的打击”。

在多个辖区,美联储的联系人向褐皮书报告称,人们对当前的繁荣明显感到谨慎。制造商将此刻描述为“集体屏息”,担心AI支出可能跑在了潜在需求的前面。

这造成了一种不寻常的动态:正如市场最近所担忧的那样,支撑消费者支出的家庭,也正是最容易受到任何可能的AI驱动的市场回调冲击的家庭。如果AI热潮放缓,无论是由于融资限制、能源瓶颈还是企业情绪转变,“K”型的顶端可能会迅速走弱。而且由于这个顶端现在驱动着如此大份额的消费,整体经济几乎会立即感受到影响。AI驱动的支出现在占GDP增长的一半,这就是为什么特朗普政府的人工智能和加密货币事务负责人戴维·萨克斯 (David Sacks) 在X平台上表示“我们承担不起倒退的后果”。(*)

译者:中慧言-王芳

The Federal Reserve's latest Beige Book shows a sharply diverging U.S. economy, where affluent households continue to spend while lower- and middle-income consumers begin to buckle under financial pressure: the clearest sign yet that the economy is splitting into something unmistakably K-shaped.

The Fed's latest report describes a widening gap between America's social classes, with “early signs of strain on middle-income consumers.”

On the lower end, households are cutting back on dining out, trading down to cheaper groceries, getting “sticker shock” from car prices, and responding more sharply to price increases. Retailers across several Fed districts noted that budget-conscious shoppers have become increasingly sensitive to small changes in prices or promotions. Fast-food chains also saw a “notable decline in sales” as lower-income diners pulled back.

At the top of the income distribution, the picture looks very different. High-income households --- those who benefit most directly from asset appreciation --- continue to spend robustly. Travel bookings remain strong, discretionary purchases are holding up, and “higher-end retail spending remained resilient.”

The anecdotal evidence from different industry leaders echoes what has been clearly showing up in the data. Mark Zandi, chief economist at Moody's Analytics, found that the top 10% of households now account for roughly half of all U.S. consumer spending --- an unprecedented concentration that makes the economy look healthier on the aggregate than it feels to most people living in it.

However, much of the resilience among high-income consumers is being supported --- indirectly but powerfully --- by the explosive run-up in AI-related stocks.Nvidia, Microsoft, Amazon, and the broader data-center ecosystem have driven a market rally so strong that it's materially lifting household balance sheets for the wealthiest Americans.

Albert Edwards, the self-described “perma bear” who offers the “alternative view” as global strategist for Société Générale, recently told Fortune that he was convinced of bubble-like conditions in markets, but that's nothing new for him. “I think there's a bubble but there again I always think there's a bubble,” Edwards told Bloomberg in a recent podcast appearance, and he explained to Fortune that the inequality aspect makes it different.

“What's more worrying about the AI bubble,” Edwards said, “is how much more dependent the economy is on this theme, not just for the business investments, which is driving growth,” but also the fact that consumption growth is being dominated so much by the wealthiest cohort. He added that the wealth of this cohort, “inflated by the stock market,” is a major concern and in the case of a big stock-market correction, this wealth and therefore the economy would be “hit very, very badly indeed.”

In multiple districts, Fed contacts reported to the Beige Book a noticeable sense of caution around that boom. Manufacturers described the moment as a “collective holding of breath,” worried that AI spending might be running ahead of underlying demand.

That creates an unusual dynamic: the very households holding up consumer spending are the same ones most exposed to any possible AI-driven market correction, as markets have recently feared. If the AI boom slows, whether because of financing constraints, energy bottlenecks, or shifting corporate sentiment, the top of the “K” could weaken quickly. And because that top now drives such a large share of consumption, the overall economy would feel it almost immediately. AI-driven spending now accounts for half of GDP growth, which is why the AI and crypto czar of President Donald Trump's administration, David Sacks, said on X that “We can't afford to go backwards.”

*