
未来几年,巴西咖啡的风味可能会开始有些不同。
这个南美国家是全球最大的阿拉比卡咖啡豆生产国,这是一种风味温和的咖啡豆。但随着气候变化使得种植这种豆子变得更加困难,一些农户开始投资种植罗布斯塔咖啡豆。罗布斯塔豆风味更苦,但耐高温性更强,且更抗病害。
巴西传统的咖啡种植区主要生产阿拉比卡豆,但这些地区正面临更严重、更频繁的干旱以及更高的气温。阿拉比卡豆仍是该国主要的咖啡出口品种,但罗布斯塔豆的产量目前增长更快:根据追踪全球咖啡生产的美国农业部数据,过去十年其产量增长了超过81%。
金融服务公司StoneX的咖啡市场情报经理费尔南多·马克西米利亚诺(Fernando Maximiliano)表示,对于巴西而言,罗布斯塔豆提供了一个机会,使其即使在气候变化的影响加剧的情况下,未来也能保持全球最大咖啡供应国的地位。
“罗布斯塔产量增长并不一定是需求驱动的,”他补充道。“实际上,气候问题和阿拉比卡豆的损失才是刺激罗布斯塔增长的主要因素。”
过去三年,巴西的阿拉比卡咖啡豆产量年增长率约为2%至2.5%,而罗布斯塔豆产量年增长率约为4.8%。据StoneX称,在今年的生长季,罗布斯塔豆产量增长了近22%,创下丰收纪录。分析人士表示,这意味着罗布斯塔豆的生产因其能更好地应对更恶劣的天气条件以及其盈利能力而脱颖而出。
在巴西一些阿拉比卡豆无法生长的较温暖地区,咖啡生产商正在寻找生产罗布斯塔豆并减轻高温影响的方法。在本土树木和其他物种的树荫下种植咖啡树就是其中一种技术。
亚马逊地区农林复合型罗布斯塔咖啡生产商Café Apuí的商业总监若纳塔斯·马查多(Jonatas Machado)说:“这样它能保持生产力,土壤也能保持更湿润一些,因此不会那么容易退化。”
另一种咖啡豆
越南是全球最大的罗布斯塔豆生产国,但巴西正在迎头赶上。金融服务公司荷兰合作银行(Rabobank)的分析师认为,凭借结构完善的供应链,巴西可能超越这个东南亚国家。
罗布斯塔豆比阿拉比卡豆咖啡因浓度更高,味道更浓烈。但年轻一代不太在意他们喝的咖啡类型或其烘焙程度,往往更喜欢定制化选择,加入牛奶、奶精和糖浆等东西,这些会掩盖咖啡豆的风味。
市场研究公司欧睿国际(Euromonitor International)食品、烹饪与餐饮全球洞察经理马修·巴里(Matthew Barry)表示:“他们不太在意产地和风味描述。”
如果咖啡价格持续上涨,消费者也可能会转向价格更低的罗布斯塔豆。
在欧洲,未来几年罗布斯塔豆和阿拉比卡豆之间的价格差距可能会进一步扩大。一项新法律将要求进口商品需经过认证,证明其并非产自近期遭砍伐森林或退化的土地,不过其实施日期尚不明确。主要由罗布斯塔豆制成的速溶咖啡被排除在这些规则之外。荷兰合作银行认为,这项豁免可能会增加对基于罗布斯塔豆的产品的需求。
商业咨询公司Grand View Research的数据显示,欧盟是速溶咖啡的最大消费市场,占全球相关收入的近50%。
尽管罗布斯塔豆往往比阿拉比卡豆便宜,但其价格已创下历史新高。
巴西农业研究公司(Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation)的咖啡研究员亚历山德罗·特谢拉(Alexsandro Teixeira)表示,这些更高的价格以及这些品种的产量几乎是阿拉比卡品种两倍的事实,已说服越来越多的巴西咖啡生产商投资种植罗布斯塔豆。
罗布斯塔豆生产商也在提高其咖啡豆的品质。他表示,这使得该品种对消费者更具吸引力,并推动了价格上涨。(*)
译者:刘进龙
审校:汪皓
未来几年,巴西咖啡的风味可能会开始有些不同。
这个南美国家是全球最大的阿拉比卡咖啡豆生产国,这是一种风味温和的咖啡豆。但随着气候变化使得种植这种豆子变得更加困难,一些农户开始投资种植罗布斯塔咖啡豆。罗布斯塔豆风味更苦,但耐高温性更强,且更抗病害。
巴西传统的咖啡种植区主要生产阿拉比卡豆,但这些地区正面临更严重、更频繁的干旱以及更高的气温。阿拉比卡豆仍是该国主要的咖啡出口品种,但罗布斯塔豆的产量目前增长更快:根据追踪全球咖啡生产的美国农业部数据,过去十年其产量增长了超过81%。
金融服务公司StoneX的咖啡市场情报经理费尔南多·马克西米利亚诺(Fernando Maximiliano)表示,对于巴西而言,罗布斯塔豆提供了一个机会,使其即使在气候变化的影响加剧的情况下,未来也能保持全球最大咖啡供应国的地位。
“罗布斯塔产量增长并不一定是需求驱动的,”他补充道。“实际上,气候问题和阿拉比卡豆的损失才是刺激罗布斯塔增长的主要因素。”
过去三年,巴西的阿拉比卡咖啡豆产量年增长率约为2%至2.5%,而罗布斯塔豆产量年增长率约为4.8%。据StoneX称,在今年的生长季,罗布斯塔豆产量增长了近22%,创下丰收纪录。分析人士表示,这意味着罗布斯塔豆的生产因其能更好地应对更恶劣的天气条件以及其盈利能力而脱颖而出。
在巴西一些阿拉比卡豆无法生长的较温暖地区,咖啡生产商正在寻找生产罗布斯塔豆并减轻高温影响的方法。在本土树木和其他物种的树荫下种植咖啡树就是其中一种技术。
亚马逊地区农林复合型罗布斯塔咖啡生产商Café Apuí的商业总监若纳塔斯·马查多(Jonatas Machado)说:“这样它能保持生产力,土壤也能保持更湿润一些,因此不会那么容易退化。”
另一种咖啡豆
越南是全球最大的罗布斯塔豆生产国,但巴西正在迎头赶上。金融服务公司荷兰合作银行(Rabobank)的分析师认为,凭借结构完善的供应链,巴西可能超越这个东南亚国家。
罗布斯塔豆比阿拉比卡豆咖啡因浓度更高,味道更浓烈。但年轻一代不太在意他们喝的咖啡类型或其烘焙程度,往往更喜欢定制化选择,加入牛奶、奶精和糖浆等东西,这些会掩盖咖啡豆的风味。
市场研究公司欧睿国际(Euromonitor International)食品、烹饪与餐饮全球洞察经理马修·巴里(Matthew Barry)表示:“他们不太在意产地和风味描述。”
如果咖啡价格持续上涨,消费者也可能会转向价格更低的罗布斯塔豆。
在欧洲,未来几年罗布斯塔豆和阿拉比卡豆之间的价格差距可能会进一步扩大。一项新法律将要求进口商品需经过认证,证明其并非产自近期遭砍伐森林或退化的土地,不过其实施日期尚不明确。主要由罗布斯塔豆制成的速溶咖啡被排除在这些规则之外。荷兰合作银行认为,这项豁免可能会增加对基于罗布斯塔豆的产品的需求。
商业咨询公司Grand View Research的数据显示,欧盟是速溶咖啡的最大消费市场,占全球相关收入的近50%。
尽管罗布斯塔豆往往比阿拉比卡豆便宜,但其价格已创下历史新高。
巴西农业研究公司(Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation)的咖啡研究员亚历山德罗·特谢拉(Alexsandro Teixeira)表示,这些更高的价格以及这些品种的产量几乎是阿拉比卡品种两倍的事实,已说服越来越多的巴西咖啡生产商投资种植罗布斯塔豆。
罗布斯塔豆生产商也在提高其咖啡豆的品质。他表示,这使得该品种对消费者更具吸引力,并推动了价格上涨。(*)
译者:刘进龙
审校:汪皓
In the coming years, coffee from Brazil might start to taste a bit different.
The South American country is the world's biggest producer of arabica, a mild variety of coffee bean. But as climate change makes it harder to grow those beans, some farmers are investing in robusta, which produces a more bitter bean but can tolerate higher temperatures and is more resistant to diseases.
Brazil's traditional coffee growing regions, which largely produce arabica, have been beset by more intense and frequent droughts, and hotter temperatures. Arabica is still the country's main coffee export, but robusta production is now growing at a faster rate: by over 81% over the past 10 years, according to the United States Department of Agriculture, which tracks global coffee production.
For Brazil, robusta provides an opportunity to remain the world's largest coffee supplier in the future even as the effects of climate change intensify, says Fernando Maximiliano, Coffee Market Intelligence Manager at StoneX, a financial services company.
"It wasn't necessarily demand that resulted in the growth of robusta production," he adds. "In reality, climate problems and losses in arabica were the main factors that contributed to stimulating robusta growth."
For the past three years, arabica coffee production in Brazil has grown at a rate of around 2% to 2.5% annually, while robusta production has risen about 4.8% annually. This year's growing season, robusta hit a nearly 22% increase, a record harvest, according to StoneX. This means that robusta production has stood out for its ability to better cope with more adverse weather conditions and also for its profitability, analysts say.
In warmer areas of Brazil where arabica can't grow, coffee producers are finding ways to produce robusta and mitigate the impact of hotter temperatures. Planting coffee trees under the shade of native trees and other species is one of these techniques.
"This way it will remain productive, it will stay a little more moist, so it won't degrade so easily," Jonatas Machado, commercial director of Café Apuí, an agroforestry robusta coffee producer in the Amazon region.
A different bean
Vietnam is the world's biggest robusta producer, but Brazil is catching up, and it could surpass the Southeast Asian country due to a well-structured supply chain, according to analysts at Rabobank, a financial services company.
Robusta has a higher caffeine concentration and a stronger taste than arabica. But younger generations pay less attention to the type of coffee they drink or its roast, and tend to prefer customized options, adding in things like milks, creamers and syrups, which hide the flavor of the beans.
"They're not so much about the origins, the tasting notes," said Matthew Barry, global insight manager for food, cooking and meals at market research firm Euromonitor International.
If coffee prices keep rising, consumers might also gravitate towards robusta, which costs less.
In Europe, the gap between robusta and arabica prices will likely be even wider in the coming years. A new law will require that imported commodities are certified to show they did not originate from recently deforested or degraded land, though its implementation date is still unclear. Instant coffee, which is mostly made with the robusta variety, is excluded from these rules. That carveout could increase the demand for robusta-based products, according to Rabobank.
The EU is the largest consumer of instant coffee, accounting for almost 50% of global revenue, according to Grand View Research, a business consulting firm.
While robusta tends to be cheaper than arabica, its prices have been reaching record highs.
These higher prices and the cultivars being almost twice as productive as arabica varietals have convinced a growing number of Brazilian coffee producers to invest in planting robusta, said Alexsandro Teixeira, coffee researcher at the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation.
Robusta producers are also improving the quality of their beans. That has made the varietal more attractive to consumers and led to an uptick in prices, he said.
