
未来,埃隆·马斯克将人类比作“菜农”。
特斯拉(Tesla)首席执行官近期在华盛顿特区举行的美国-沙特投资论坛上表示,未来10到20年,工作将成为可选项,并将是否选择工作这一抉择比作打理菜园——后者显然更费力气。
“我预测工作将变成可选项,就像体育运动或玩电子游戏这类活动一样,”马斯克表示。“如果你想工作,[这就好比]你可以去商店买蔬菜,或在自家后院种菜。在后院种菜要辛苦得多,但有些人仍乐在其中,因为他们享受种菜的过程。”
马斯克表示,未来工作之所以能成为可选项,原因在于数百万机器人涌入劳动力市场、掀起生产力跃升浪潮。这位身价约6810亿美元的科技巨头近期正推动特斯拉的业务版图突破电动汽车领域,致力于整合其庞大的商业版图,以实现人工智能驱动、机器人赋能的宏大愿景。尽管旗下人形机器人Optimus的量产计划一再延期,他仍坚持目标:特斯拉未来80%的价值将来自这款机器人产品。
马斯克认为自动化技术的发展还将带来其他利好。在本月初播出的《Moonshots with Peter Diamandis》播客节目中,这位特斯拉首席执行官预测,十年内机器人外科医生数量将超越人类外科医生。他宣称这类医疗技术所能提供的服务质量,甚至将超过总统享有的医疗待遇。
在马斯克构想的未来图景里,人类将更需要这类顶尖医疗技术的加持来延长寿命。他告诉戴曼迪斯,人类寿命受限从本质上来说是编程问题,借助人工智能技术,永生这一目标将触手可及。
“人类基因相当于被预先设定了死亡程序。只要我们能改写这一程序,就能延长寿命。”马斯克说道。
应对自动化未来的成长阵痛
对许多其他人而言,自动化未来前景并不那么光明,尤其是在人们担忧人工智能取代初级岗位且已有早期迹象的情况下,这可能加剧Z世代的就业市场困境,导致收入增长陷入停滞——这更像一场噩梦,而非乌托邦式的愿景。
但马斯克宣称,在他构想的自动化普及、自愿工作未来里,金钱将不再是困扰人们的问题。他借鉴了伊恩·M·班克斯(Iain M. Banks)的《文明》(Culture)系列科幻小说,这位自称社会主义者的作者,在书中构想了一个充满超级智能AI生物的后稀缺世界,在那里,传统意义上的工作不复存在。
“在那些书里,金钱不复存在,这个设定很有意思,”马斯克表示,“我推测,如果时间足够长——假设人工智能与机器人技术持续进步,这似乎很有可能——金钱终将失去意义。”
在2024年法国科技创新展(Viva Technology 2024)上,马斯克提出“全民高收入”将成为支撑“自愿工作”社会的经济基础,但未详述具体运作机制。这一想法与OpenAI首席执行官萨姆·奥尔特曼(Sam Altman)的观点不谋而合,后者一直倡导推行全民基本收入制度,即通常由政府定期向个人无条件发放款项。
“商品或服务不会出现短缺。”马斯克在去年的会议上表示。
特斯拉未立即回应《财富》杂志的置评请求。
马斯克的“工作可选”愿景能否成真?
经济学家指出,实现马斯克所描绘的愿景将面临诸多挑战。首先,问题在于:未来数十年间,推动工作自动化的技术能否实现普及且成本可控。宾夕法尼亚大学经济学家、公共政策副教授伊奥娜·马林内斯库(Ioana Marinescu)表示,虽然人工智能的成本正在下降,但机器人技术的成本依然居高不下,难以实现规模化应用。她与同事康拉德·科尔丁(Konrad Kording)去年在布鲁金斯学会(Brookings Institution)发表了一篇工作论文。(例如,人工智能费用管理平台Ramp于2025年4月发布的数据显示,企业为每100万个词元(人工智能运算的基本单位)支付2.50美元,而一年前这一成本是10美元。)
“自工业革命以来,我们一直在大规模制造机器,”马林内斯库向《财富》杂志表示。“经济学告诉我们……这类活动往往会陷入边际收益递减的困境,例如,在某一技术领域持续深耕数百年,取得突破的难度会越来越大。”
她指出,人工智能正飞速发展。大型语言模型可应用于众多白领岗位,而实体机器——在她看来是实现自动化生产的必要条件——不仅成本更高,还高度专业化,导致其在工作场所的应用放缓。
马林内斯库认同马斯克关于全面自动化成为劳动力未来形态的愿景,但对其提出的时间表持怀疑态度——不仅因为机器人技术本身存在局限性,还因为尽管近期出现科技行业裁员潮,但人工智能在工作场所的应用速度仍未达预期。耶鲁大学预算实验室(Yale Budget Lab)2025年10月发布的一份报告显示,自ChatGPT于2022年11月公开发布以来,“更广泛的劳动力市场并未因人工智能自动化而出现明显动荡”。
此外,还有劳动力市场的剧变将对数百万乃至数十亿失业者产生何种影响的问题。天普大学(Temple University)劳动经济学助理教授塞缪尔·所罗门(Samuel Solomon)表示,即便全民基本收入的必要性已成共识,但凝聚政治意愿推动其落地是另一重挑战。他告诉《财富》杂志,支撑劳动力市场转型的政治架构,其重要性不亚于技术架构。
“人工智能已创造出巨额财富,并将持续创造财富,”所罗门指出。“但在我看来,核心问题在于:人工智能创造的财富是否具备普惠性?它能否推动包容性繁荣与包容性增长?能否让每一个人都从中受益?”
在这场人工智能工业革命中,现有体系似乎正在扩大贫富差距——马斯克万亿薪酬方案便是开端。阿波罗全球管理公司(Apollo Global Management)首席经济学家托尔斯滕·斯洛克(Torsten Slok)指出,不断膨胀的人工智能泡沫也凸显了阶层差异,由于人工智能热潮,“美股七巨头”的盈利预期被上调,而标普500指数中其余493家公司的预期则被下调。这一现象足以说明市场现状。
“得益于股票投资组合的大幅攀升,富裕群体的消费支出成为拉动经济增长最为关键的要素。”斯洛克在一篇博文中写道。
人工智能引发的存在性变革
理清工作可选世界的复杂物流是一回事。弄清楚这是否是人类真正向往的未来则是另一回事。
“如果劳动力的经济价值持续下降,乃至彻底丧失实用属性,我们将不得不重新思考社会结构。”弗吉尼亚大学变革性人工智能倡议经济学项目教授兼系主任安东·科里内克(Anton Korinek)告诉《财富》杂志。
科里内克援引多项研究,例如1938年哈佛大学(Harvard University)一项具有里程碑意义的研究,该研究发现,人类从有意义的关系中获得满足感。他指出,当下,绝大多数此类关系都是在职场中建立的。在马斯克构想的未来,后代将不得不转变建立有意义关系的范式。
马斯克在2024年法国科技创新展上就人类存在性未来发表了自己的看法。
“核心问题将聚焦于意义本身:如果计算机和机器人能比你更出色地完成所有任务,人类生命还有意义吗?”他说道。“我确实认为人类或许仍有一席之地——我们可以赋予人工智能意义。” (*)
译者:中慧言-王芳
未来,埃隆·马斯克将人类比作“菜农”。
特斯拉(Tesla)首席执行官近期在华盛顿特区举行的美国-沙特投资论坛上表示,未来10到20年,工作将成为可选项,并将是否选择工作这一抉择比作打理菜园——后者显然更费力气。
“我预测工作将变成可选项,就像体育运动或玩电子游戏这类活动一样,”马斯克表示。“如果你想工作,[这就好比]你可以去商店买蔬菜,或在自家后院种菜。在后院种菜要辛苦得多,但有些人仍乐在其中,因为他们享受种菜的过程。”
马斯克表示,未来工作之所以能成为可选项,原因在于数百万机器人涌入劳动力市场、掀起生产力跃升浪潮。这位身价约6810亿美元的科技巨头近期正推动特斯拉的业务版图突破电动汽车领域,致力于整合其庞大的商业版图,以实现人工智能驱动、机器人赋能的宏大愿景。尽管旗下人形机器人Optimus的量产计划一再延期,他仍坚持目标:特斯拉未来80%的价值将来自这款机器人产品。
马斯克认为自动化技术的发展还将带来其他利好。在本月初播出的《Moonshots with Peter Diamandis》播客节目中,这位特斯拉首席执行官预测,十年内机器人外科医生数量将超越人类外科医生。他宣称这类医疗技术所能提供的服务质量,甚至将超过总统享有的医疗待遇。
在马斯克构想的未来图景里,人类将更需要这类顶尖医疗技术的加持来延长寿命。他告诉戴曼迪斯,人类寿命受限从本质上来说是编程问题,借助人工智能技术,永生这一目标将触手可及。
“人类基因相当于被预先设定了死亡程序。只要我们能改写这一程序,就能延长寿命。”马斯克说道。
应对自动化未来的成长阵痛
对许多其他人而言,自动化未来前景并不那么光明,尤其是在人们担忧人工智能取代初级岗位且已有早期迹象的情况下,这可能加剧Z世代的就业市场困境,导致收入增长陷入停滞——这更像一场噩梦,而非乌托邦式的愿景。
但马斯克宣称,在他构想的自动化普及、自愿工作未来里,金钱将不再是困扰人们的问题。他借鉴了伊恩·M·班克斯(Iain M. Banks)的《文明》(Culture)系列科幻小说,这位自称社会主义者的作者,在书中构想了一个充满超级智能AI生物的后稀缺世界,在那里,传统意义上的工作不复存在。
“在那些书里,金钱不复存在,这个设定很有意思,”马斯克表示,“我推测,如果时间足够长——假设人工智能与机器人技术持续进步,这似乎很有可能——金钱终将失去意义。”
在2024年法国科技创新展(Viva Technology 2024)上,马斯克提出“全民高收入”将成为支撑“自愿工作”社会的经济基础,但未详述具体运作机制。这一想法与OpenAI首席执行官萨姆·奥尔特曼(Sam Altman)的观点不谋而合,后者一直倡导推行全民基本收入制度,即通常由政府定期向个人无条件发放款项。
“商品或服务不会出现短缺。”马斯克在去年的会议上表示。
特斯拉未立即回应《财富》杂志的置评请求。
马斯克的“工作可选”愿景能否成真?
经济学家指出,实现马斯克所描绘的愿景将面临诸多挑战。首先,问题在于:未来数十年间,推动工作自动化的技术能否实现普及且成本可控。宾夕法尼亚大学经济学家、公共政策副教授伊奥娜·马林内斯库(Ioana Marinescu)表示,虽然人工智能的成本正在下降,但机器人技术的成本依然居高不下,难以实现规模化应用。她与同事康拉德·科尔丁(Konrad Kording)去年在布鲁金斯学会(Brookings Institution)发表了一篇工作论文。(例如,人工智能费用管理平台Ramp于2025年4月发布的数据显示,企业为每100万个词元(人工智能运算的基本单位)支付2.50美元,而一年前这一成本是10美元。)
“自工业革命以来,我们一直在大规模制造机器,”马林内斯库向《财富》杂志表示。“经济学告诉我们……这类活动往往会陷入边际收益递减的困境,例如,在某一技术领域持续深耕数百年,取得突破的难度会越来越大。”
她指出,人工智能正飞速发展。大型语言模型可应用于众多白领岗位,而实体机器——在她看来是实现自动化生产的必要条件——不仅成本更高,还高度专业化,导致其在工作场所的应用放缓。
马林内斯库认同马斯克关于全面自动化成为劳动力未来形态的愿景,但对其提出的时间表持怀疑态度——不仅因为机器人技术本身存在局限性,还因为尽管近期出现科技行业裁员潮,但人工智能在工作场所的应用速度仍未达预期。耶鲁大学预算实验室(Yale Budget Lab)2025年10月发布的一份报告显示,自ChatGPT于2022年11月公开发布以来,“更广泛的劳动力市场并未因人工智能自动化而出现明显动荡”。
此外,还有劳动力市场的剧变将对数百万乃至数十亿失业者产生何种影响的问题。天普大学(Temple University)劳动经济学助理教授塞缪尔·所罗门(Samuel Solomon)表示,即便全民基本收入的必要性已成共识,但凝聚政治意愿推动其落地是另一重挑战。他告诉《财富》杂志,支撑劳动力市场转型的政治架构,其重要性不亚于技术架构。
“人工智能已创造出巨额财富,并将持续创造财富,”所罗门指出。“但在我看来,核心问题在于:人工智能创造的财富是否具备普惠性?它能否推动包容性繁荣与包容性增长?能否让每一个人都从中受益?”
在这场人工智能工业革命中,现有体系似乎正在扩大贫富差距——马斯克万亿薪酬方案便是开端。阿波罗全球管理公司(Apollo Global Management)首席经济学家托尔斯滕·斯洛克(Torsten Slok)指出,不断膨胀的人工智能泡沫也凸显了阶层差异,由于人工智能热潮,“美股七巨头”的盈利预期被上调,而标普500指数中其余493家公司的预期则被下调。这一现象足以说明市场现状。
“得益于股票投资组合的大幅攀升,富裕群体的消费支出成为拉动经济增长最为关键的要素。”斯洛克在一篇博文中写道。
人工智能引发的存在性变革
理清工作可选世界的复杂物流是一回事。弄清楚这是否是人类真正向往的未来则是另一回事。
“如果劳动力的经济价值持续下降,乃至彻底丧失实用属性,我们将不得不重新思考社会结构。”弗吉尼亚大学变革性人工智能倡议经济学项目教授兼系主任安东·科里内克(Anton Korinek)告诉《财富》杂志。
科里内克援引多项研究,例如1938年哈佛大学(Harvard University)一项具有里程碑意义的研究,该研究发现,人类从有意义的关系中获得满足感。他指出,当下,绝大多数此类关系都是在职场中建立的。在马斯克构想的未来,后代将不得不转变建立有意义关系的范式。
马斯克在2024年法国科技创新展上就人类存在性未来发表了自己的看法。
“核心问题将聚焦于意义本身:如果计算机和机器人能比你更出色地完成所有任务,人类生命还有意义吗?”他说道。“我确实认为人类或许仍有一席之地——我们可以赋予人工智能意义。” (*)
译者:中慧言-王芳
In the future, Elon Musk sees humans as metaphorical vegetable farmers.
The Tesla CEO said at the recent U.S.-Saudi Investment Forum in Washington that in the next 10 to 20 years, work will be optional, likening the decision to have a job to the more laborious upkeep of a vegetable garden.
“My prediction is that work will be optional. It’ll be like playing sports or a video game or something like that,” Musk said. “If you want to work, [it’s] the same way you can go to the store and just buy some vegetables, or you can grow vegetables in your backyard. It’s much harder to grow vegetables in your backyard, and some people still do it because they like growing vegetables.”
The future of optional work will be the result of millions of robots in the workforce able to usher in a wave of enhanced productivity, according to Musk. The tech mogul, worth about $681 billion, has made the recent push to expand Tesla beyond just electric vehicles, working on consolidating his sprawling business interests into his broader vision of an AI-fueled, robotic-powered future. That includes his goal of having 80% of Tesla’s value come from his Optimus robots, despite continuous production delays for the humanoid bots.
These advancements in automation will have other benefits, too, according to Musk. In an episode of the Moonshots with Peter Diamandis podcast earlier this month, the Tesla CEO predicted his automatons would outnumber human surgeons within the decade. These advancements in medical care would exceed the quality of service the president receives, he said.
In Musk’s imagined future, humans would need that exceptional medical care for longer. He told Diamandis overcoming the problem of a limited lifespan is a programming issue, with access to immortality within human reach thanks to AI.
“You’re pre-programmed to die. And so if you change the program, you will live longer,” Musk said.
Addressing growing pains of an automated future
To many others, the notion of an automated future is less bright, particularly amid concerns about and early evidence of AI displacing entry-level jobs, which may be contributing to Gen Z’s job market woes and flatlining income growth—more of a nightmare than a utopian dream.
But in Musk’s automated, job-voluntary future, money won’t be an issue, he said. Musk takes a page from Iain M. Banks’ Culture series of science fiction novels, in which the self-proclaimed socialist author conjures a post-scarcity world filled with superintelligent AI beings and no traditional jobs.
“In those books, money doesn’t exist. It’s kind of interesting,” Musk said. “And my guess is, if you go out long enough—assuming there’s a continued improvement in AI and robotics, which seems likely—money will stop being relevant.”
At Viva Technology 2024, Musk suggested “universal high income” would sustain a world without necessary work, though he did not offer details on how this system would function. His reasoning rhymes with that of OpenAI CEO Sam Altman, who has advocated for universal basic income, or regular payments given unconditionally to individuals, usually by the government.
“There would be no shortage of goods or services,” Musk said at last year’s conference.
Tesla did not immediately respond to Fortune’s request for comment.
Is Musk’s optional-work vision possible?
Creating the world Musk is describing will be a challenge, according to economists. First of all, there’s the question of whether the technology to automate jobs will be accessible and affordable in the next couple of decades. While the cost of AI is decreasing, robotics are stubbornly expensive, making them harder to scale, according to Ioana Marinescu, an economist and associate professor of public policy at the University of Pennsylvania, who alongside colleague Konrad Kording published a working paper at the Brookings Institution last year. (For example, AI expense management platform Ramp noted in April 2025 companies are now paying $2.50 per 1 million tokens—the fundamental unit for powering AI—compared with $10 a year ago.)
“We’ve been at it making machines forever, since the industrial revolution, at scale,” Marinescu told Fortune. “We know from economics that … you often run—for these kinds of activities—into decreasing returns, as it gets harder in order to make progress in a line of technology that you’ve been at, in this case, for a couple of centuries.”
AI is progressing rapidly, she said. Large language models can be applied to myriad white-collar careers, while physical machines, which she said are necessary in automated labor, are not only more expensive, but highly specialized, contributing to the slowdown in their workplace implementation.
Marinescu agrees with Musk’s vision of full-scale automation as the future of labor, but she is dubious about his timeline—not only because of the limitations of robotics, but also because AI adoption in the workplace is still not as rapid as anticipated, despite recent tech-related layoffs. A Yale Budget Lab report from October 2025 found that since ChatGPT’s November 2022 public release, the “broader labor market has not experienced a discernible disruption” because of AI automation.
Then there’s the matter of what these sweeping changes in labor will mean for the millions—or possibly billions—of people without jobs. Even with an established need for a universal basic income, finding the political willpower to make it happen is a different issue, said Samuel Solomon, an assistant professor of labor economics at Temple University. He told Fortune the political structure supporting the transformed labor force will be just as important as the technological one.
“AI has already created so much wealth and will continue to,” Solomon said. “But I think one key question is: Is this going to be inclusive? Will it create inclusive prosperity? Will it create inclusive growth? Will everyone benefit?”
The current systems have appeared to widen the gap between the haves and have-nots during this AI industrial revolution, beginning with Musk’s $1 trillion pay package. A ballooning AI bubble has also illuminated class differences, with earnings expectations being revised up for the Magnificent Seven because of the AI boom, while expectations for the rest of the S&P 493 are being revised down, according to Apollo Global Management chief economist Torsten Slok. It suggests that as of today.
“Spending by well-off Americans, driven by their surging stock portfolios, is the single most significant driver of growth,” Slok wrote in a blog post.
Existential changes from AI
Ironing out the complicated logistics of a work-optional world is one thing. Figuring out whether that’s something humans really want is another.
“If the economic value of labor declines so that labor is just not very useful anymore, we’ll have to rethink how our society is structured,” Anton Korinek, professor and faculty director of the Economics of Transformative AI Initiative at the University of Virginia, told Fortune.
Korinek cited research, such as the landmark 1938 Harvard University study that found humans derive satisfaction from meaningful relationships. Most of those relationships right now come from work, he said. In Musk’s imagined future, the coming generations will have to shift the paradigm of establishing meaningful relationships.
Musk offered his own take on the existential future of humans at Viva Technology in 2024.
“The question will really be one of meaning: If the computer and robots can do everything better than you, does your life have meaning?” he said. “I do think there’s perhaps still a role for humans in this—in that we may give AI meaning.”
