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伊以临时停火可能避免了“停滞性通胀冲击”

财富中文网 2025-06-26 01:00:07

伊以临时停火可能避免了“停滞性通胀冲击”
2025年6月23日,韩国大邱一座加油站,一名车主正在给车加油。美国袭击伊朗核设施,导致地缘政治风险加剧。图片来源:PHOTO BY SEUNG-IL RYU/NURPHOTO VIA GETTY IMAGES

美国总统唐纳德·特朗普宣布了一项临时停火协议(但尚未得到以色列或伊朗证实),这可能已经改变了全球市场的走向。在此之前的数小时,市场还面临潜在的石油危机和通胀上升的风险。

伊朗议会上周日投票决定关闭霍尔木兹海峡,这条海峡对全球石油贸易至关重要。这一出人意料的投票结果以及随之而来的停火,突显了伊朗和阿拉伯半岛之间这条狭窄海峡对全球的重要性。全球20%的石油产量经由该海峡运输。

此举最先由伊朗国家电视台Press TV报道。在此之前,美国于上周日袭击了伊朗的核设施,随后伊朗于周一袭击了卡塔尔美军基地作为报复。尽管周一石油市场下跌了4%(即每桶3美元),但分析师预计,若伊朗最高国家安全委员会(Supreme National Security Council)批准关闭霍尔木兹海峡,油价将急剧上涨。

伊朗关闭海峡的计划即使在停火宣布前实际发生的可能性也很低,但若关闭该海峡,可能对欧洲和英国市场产生巨大影响。即使该水道受到轻微干扰,也可能对本就在准备应对通胀上升的美国经济造成冲击。分析师表示,伊朗在该地区的报复行动所导致的油价适度上涨,甚至可能影响美联储在今年剩余时间内推行降息的方式。

英国投行Panmure Liberum的研究分析师苏珊娜·克鲁兹对《财富》杂志表示:“(关闭霍尔木兹海峡)可能会演变成一次滞胀冲击,就像我们在2022年俄乌冲突爆发之后看到的那样。”

克鲁兹预计,如果伊朗关闭霍尔木兹海峡,油价冲击将使美国的整体通胀率上升1%。她和她的研究团队预测,在另一种“更有可能”的情景中,即海峡未关闭但第三季度油价上涨20%,将使美国的整体通胀率上升0.5个百分点,欧元区上升0.4%,英国上升0.3%。这可能迫使美联储维持利率不变——这是他们自去年12月以来一直采取的策略,尽管特朗普施压要求降息。

专家表示,即使伊朗决定关闭霍尔木兹海峡,该国可能也没有能力兑现其威胁。

国家能源分析中心(National Center for Energy Analytics,NCEA)高级研究员保罗·泰斯对《财富》杂志表示:“(伊朗)在关闭霍尔木兹海峡的问题上大造声势,但他们是否有能力做到这一点是个未知数。”

与泰斯的推理一致,布伦特原油价格周一开盘后从每桶78.97美元小幅下跌,到下午时分徘徊在70美元左右,因为交易员看到霍尔木兹海峡上油轮仍在持续通行。特朗普周一在其社交媒体“Truth Social”上发文恳求石油行业保持低油价。他警告读者:“我在盯着呢!你们正中敌人下怀。别这么干!”

但克鲁兹警告称,即使油价短暂上涨20%,也可能影响央行的前景预期,央行本就在为“关税不断累积的通胀影响”做准备。

克鲁兹表示:“如果油价再带来额外的石油冲击,那么我们今年剩余时间肯定看不到美联储降息了。(央行)需要确保这种冲击确实是暂时的,并且避免重蹈2022年的覆辙:即认为通胀影响将是短暂的。”

克鲁兹表示,油价上涨20%的情景将在今年第三季度达到顶峰,并在2026年第三季度消失。根据Panmure Liberum的估计,在此情景下,美国股市将下跌5%至10%。

美国银行(Bank of America)前首席经济学家伊桑·哈里斯告诉《财富》杂志,尽管美国面临着“顽固高通胀与经济增长缓慢的双重困境,坦率地说,我更担心的是贸易战,而不是油价冲击。”

哈里斯持有的观点在经济学家当中较为普遍,即美国消费者将在今年夏天开始看到由关税推动的价格上涨,并预计在未来几个月会开始看到CPI升高的报告。

哈里斯在周一的通讯中写道,美国人“更愿意”将油价冲击视为暂时的。他补充说,相比1990年伊拉克战争等冲突引发的油价冲击时期,美国现在对石油进口的依赖程度要低得多,并且随着国家变得更加“服务导向化”,整体对石油的依赖也有所降低。

哈里斯写道:“因此,大多数实证研究表明,油价每桶上涨10美元,GDP仅会下降0.1%或更少。”

高盛(Goldman Sachs)分析师估计存在每桶12美元的“地缘政治风险溢价”,他们将其定义为自6月10日油价收于每桶66.9美元以来的涨幅。6月11日,特朗普表示对与伊朗达成核协议的信心减弱。

高盛分析师在上周日发布的一份报告中表示,如果每天经霍尔木兹海峡运输的近2,000万桶石油在一个月内减少50%,并在接下来的11个月中持续减少10%,可能导致布伦特油价达到每桶110美元。每桶石油的风险溢价将升至略高于25美元。

尽管哈里斯表示预测极端石油冲击“没有神奇数字”,但每桶油价必须达到“远高于100美元”才会引发经济衰退。

据《今日以色列》报道,自与以色列爆发战争以来,伊朗伊斯兰共和国的石油出口量已从每日约250万桶骤降至仅15万桶。

麦格理银行(Macquarie Bank)策略师认为,即使霍尔木兹海峡在未来关闭,也有变通之道。

策略师在一份报告中写道:“海峡关闭并非完全无法克服,因为部分在波斯湾港口装载的石油可以通过陆路运输。但相关的风险是伊朗袭击该地区的石油生产设施。”

全球20%的石油产量经霍尔木兹海峡运输。专家表示,关闭该水道将严重影响伊朗经济,因为石油是该国最大的出口产品之一。

国家能源分析中心的泰斯表示:“他们这是在伤害自己。”(*)

译者:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

美国总统唐纳德·特朗普宣布了一项临时停火协议(但尚未得到以色列或伊朗证实),这可能已经改变了全球市场的走向。在此之前的数小时,市场还面临潜在的石油危机和通胀上升的风险。

伊朗议会上周日投票决定关闭霍尔木兹海峡,这条海峡对全球石油贸易至关重要。这一出人意料的投票结果以及随之而来的停火,突显了伊朗和阿拉伯半岛之间这条狭窄海峡对全球的重要性。全球20%的石油产量经由该海峡运输。

此举最先由伊朗国家电视台Press TV报道。在此之前,美国于上周日袭击了伊朗的核设施,随后伊朗于周一袭击了卡塔尔美军基地作为报复。尽管周一石油市场下跌了4%(即每桶3美元),但分析师预计,若伊朗最高国家安全委员会(Supreme National Security Council)批准关闭霍尔木兹海峡,油价将急剧上涨。

伊朗关闭海峡的计划即使在停火宣布前实际发生的可能性也很低,但若关闭该海峡,可能对欧洲和英国市场产生巨大影响。即使该水道受到轻微干扰,也可能对本就在准备应对通胀上升的美国经济造成冲击。分析师表示,伊朗在该地区的报复行动所导致的油价适度上涨,甚至可能影响美联储在今年剩余时间内推行降息的方式。

英国投行Panmure Liberum的研究分析师苏珊娜·克鲁兹对《财富》杂志表示:“(关闭霍尔木兹海峡)可能会演变成一次滞胀冲击,就像我们在2022年俄乌冲突爆发之后看到的那样。”

克鲁兹预计,如果伊朗关闭霍尔木兹海峡,油价冲击将使美国的整体通胀率上升1%。她和她的研究团队预测,在另一种“更有可能”的情景中,即海峡未关闭但第三季度油价上涨20%,将使美国的整体通胀率上升0.5个百分点,欧元区上升0.4%,英国上升0.3%。这可能迫使美联储维持利率不变——这是他们自去年12月以来一直采取的策略,尽管特朗普施压要求降息。

专家表示,即使伊朗决定关闭霍尔木兹海峡,该国可能也没有能力兑现其威胁。

国家能源分析中心(National Center for Energy Analytics,NCEA)高级研究员保罗·泰斯对《财富》杂志表示:“(伊朗)在关闭霍尔木兹海峡的问题上大造声势,但他们是否有能力做到这一点是个未知数。”

与泰斯的推理一致,布伦特原油价格周一开盘后从每桶78.97美元小幅下跌,到下午时分徘徊在70美元左右,因为交易员看到霍尔木兹海峡上油轮仍在持续通行。特朗普周一在其社交媒体“Truth Social”上发文恳求石油行业保持低油价。他警告读者:“我在盯着呢!你们正中敌人下怀。别这么干!”

但克鲁兹警告称,即使油价短暂上涨20%,也可能影响央行的前景预期,央行本就在为“关税不断累积的通胀影响”做准备。

克鲁兹表示:“如果油价再带来额外的石油冲击,那么我们今年剩余时间肯定看不到美联储降息了。(央行)需要确保这种冲击确实是暂时的,并且避免重蹈2022年的覆辙:即认为通胀影响将是短暂的。”

克鲁兹表示,油价上涨20%的情景将在今年第三季度达到顶峰,并在2026年第三季度消失。根据Panmure Liberum的估计,在此情景下,美国股市将下跌5%至10%。

美国银行(Bank of America)前首席经济学家伊桑·哈里斯告诉《财富》杂志,尽管美国面临着“顽固高通胀与经济增长缓慢的双重困境,坦率地说,我更担心的是贸易战,而不是油价冲击。”

哈里斯持有的观点在经济学家当中较为普遍,即美国消费者将在今年夏天开始看到由关税推动的价格上涨,并预计在未来几个月会开始看到CPI升高的报告。

哈里斯在周一的通讯中写道,美国人“更愿意”将油价冲击视为暂时的。他补充说,相比1990年伊拉克战争等冲突引发的油价冲击时期,美国现在对石油进口的依赖程度要低得多,并且随着国家变得更加“服务导向化”,整体对石油的依赖也有所降低。

哈里斯写道:“因此,大多数实证研究表明,油价每桶上涨10美元,GDP仅会下降0.1%或更少。”

高盛(Goldman Sachs)分析师估计存在每桶12美元的“地缘政治风险溢价”,他们将其定义为自6月10日油价收于每桶66.9美元以来的涨幅。6月11日,特朗普表示对与伊朗达成核协议的信心减弱。

高盛分析师在上周日发布的一份报告中表示,如果每天经霍尔木兹海峡运输的近2,000万桶石油在一个月内减少50%,并在接下来的11个月中持续减少10%,可能导致布伦特油价达到每桶110美元。每桶石油的风险溢价将升至略高于25美元。

尽管哈里斯表示预测极端石油冲击“没有神奇数字”,但每桶油价必须达到“远高于100美元”才会引发经济衰退。

据《今日以色列》报道,自与以色列爆发战争以来,伊朗伊斯兰共和国的石油出口量已从每日约250万桶骤降至仅15万桶。

麦格理银行(Macquarie Bank)策略师认为,即使霍尔木兹海峡在未来关闭,也有变通之道。

策略师在一份报告中写道:“海峡关闭并非完全无法克服,因为部分在波斯湾港口装载的石油可以通过陆路运输。但相关的风险是伊朗袭击该地区的石油生产设施。”

全球20%的石油产量经霍尔木兹海峡运输。专家表示,关闭该水道将严重影响伊朗经济,因为石油是该国最大的出口产品之一。

国家能源分析中心的泰斯表示:“他们这是在伤害自己。”(*)

译者:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

A tentative ceasefire announced by President Donald Trump this evening—but not yet verified by Israel or Iran—may have shifted the course of world markets that were staring down a potential oil shock and elevated inflation just hours ago.

Iran’s parliament voted on Sunday to close the Strait of Hormuz, a vital waterway to the global oil trade. The surprise vote, and ensuing ceasefire, puts in sharp relief the global importance of the narrow strait between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula, which carries 20% of global oil production.

The move, first reported by Iran’s state-run Press TV, comes after the U.S. struck Iranian nuclear sites on Sunday and before Iran retaliated by attacking the U.S. military base in Qatar on Monday. While oil markets slipped 4%, or $3 per barrel Monday, analysts anticipated a sharp price increase if the country’s Supreme National Security Council approved the closure of the strait.

Iran’s supposed plans to shut the strait, while unlikely to actually happen even before the ceasefire announcement, could have resounding effects on European and UK markets—and even a slight disruption on the waterway could shock a U.S. economy already preparing for a rise in inflation. Modest increases in oil prices due to Iranian retaliation in the region could even have effects on how the Federal Reserve navigates rate cuts for the remainder of the year, analysts say.

“[Closing the Strait of Hormuz] could turn into a stagflationary shock like the one we saw in 2022 after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine,” Susana Cruz, research analyst for Panmure Liberum, a UK investment banking firm, told Fortune.

If Iran closes the waterway, Cruz expects the shock in oil prices to increase headline inflation in the U.S. 1%. Another, “more likely,” scenario where the strait doesn’t close but oil prices rise by 20% in the third quarter would increase headline inflation half a percentage point in the U.S., 0.4% in the Eurozone, and 0.3% in the UK, Cruz and her research team predict. This could force the Fed to hold interest rates, a strategy they’ve employed since December despite Trump’s pressure to cut rates.

Iran may not have the ability to back up its threat, even if they move to, experts say.

“[Iran is] making noise about closing the Strait of Hormuz,” Paul Tice, a senior fellow at the National Center for Energy Analytics, told Fortune. “It’s unclear if they have the capacity to do that.”

In line with Tice’s reasoning, Brent crude oil prices edged down from $78.97 at open, hovering around $70 by Monday afternoon, as traders see continued tanker flow on the Strait of Hormuz. Trump implored the oil sector to keep prices low today in a Truth Social post, warning readers: “I’M WATCHING! YOU’RE PLAYING RIGHT INTO THE HANDS OF THE ENEMY. DON’T DO IT!”

But even a transitory 20% increase in oil price could affect the outlook from central banks that brace for “an inflationary impact already building up from the tariffs,” Cruz warned.

“If you have an additional oil shock from oil prices, then we definitely wouldn’t see the Fed cutting rates for the rest of the year,” Cruz said. “[Central banks] need to make sure that this shock is actually transitory and to kind of not make the same mistake that they did in 2022: assuming that it will be a transitory effect on inflation.”

The scenario of a 20% increase in oil prices would peak in the third quarter of this year and disappear in the third quarter of 2026, Cruz said. The U.S. stock market would fall 5% to 10% in this scenario, according to Panmure Liberum estimates.

Despite the U.S. facing “a combination of sticky, high inflation and [a] slow growth economy” Ethan Harris, former chief economist at Bank of America, told Fortune, “I’m much more worried, frankly, about the trade war than I am about the oil price shock.”

Harris holds the view popular among economists that U.S. consumers will start to see the tariff-fueled price increases over the summer, and expects to start seeing inflated CPI reports in the upcoming months.

In his Monday newsletter, Harris wrote that people in the U.S. economy are “more willing” to see oil price shocks as transitory. He added that the U.S. is much less dependent on oil imports than it was during oil price shocks caused by flashpoints like the U.S.-Iraq war in 1990 and is less dependent on oil overall as the country has become more “service oriented.”

“As a result, most empirical work suggests a $10/bbl [per barrel] rise in the price of oil lowers GDP 0.1% or less,” Harris wrote.

Goldman Sachs analysts estimate a “geopolitical risk premium” of $12/bbl, defining the value as the increase in oil price since it closed at $66.9/bbl on June 10. On June 11, Trump said he was less confident about reaching a nuclear deal with Iran.

In a report published Sunday, Goldman analysts said a scenario where the nearly 20 million barrels of oil volumes that flow through the Strait of Hormuz each day drop 50% for one month and then remain down 10% for another 11 months could cause the Brent price to reach $110/bbl. The risk premium per barrel would rise to just over $25.

Although Harris says there’s “no magic number” to predict an extreme oil shock, the price per barrel would have to reach “well above $100” to threaten a recession.

The Islamic Republic’s oil exports have fallen from around 2.5 million barrels per day to just 150,000 barrels following the outbreak of war with Israel, Israel Hayom reported.

Even if the strait is shut in the future, Macquarie Bank strategists see a workaround.

“Any closing of the Strait would not be completely insurmountable, because some of the oil loaded at Gulf terminals could be shipped overland,” the strategists wrote in a note. “But an associated risk is an Iran attack on regional oil-production sites.”

Twenty percent of global oil production flows through the Strait of Hormuz, and experts say closing the waterway would affect Iran’s economy significantly, as oil is one of the country’s largest exports.

“They would be hurting themselves,” Tice of NCEA said.

*