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美国陷入“K型经济”,贫富差距持续拉大

财富中文网 2025-11-13 22:35:43

美国陷入“K型经济”,贫富差距持续拉大
图片来源:Getty Images

大约十年前,美国低收入劳动者的工资增速是所有收入群体中最高的。如今情况恰好相反,富裕家庭与贫困家庭之间的工资增速差距正在不断扩大。

在本周一一篇题为“K型经济”的博客文章中,阿波罗公司(Apollo)首席经济学家托斯滕·斯洛科(Torsten Slok)警告称,日益扩大的差距是当前经济持续服务于富人,而贫困美国人仍在挣扎求存的又一个迹象。

“在疫情之前和期间,低收入家庭的工资增速高于其他收入群体,”他说。“但这种情况在过去一年发生了变化。如今,低收入劳动者的工资增速显著低于中高收入劳动者。”

斯洛科援引亚特兰大联邦储备银行(Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta)的数据指出,对于工资最低的那四分之一美国人而言,名义工资增长率已从2022年7.5%的高点降至目前的约3.5%,为近十年来的最低水平。

尽管过去几年所有收入群体的工资增长都在放缓,但最高收入四分位群体的增长态势相对较好,从2023年约5.5%的峰值下降到目前的略高于4.5%,仍比最低收入群体高出1个百分点。

摩根大通研究所(JPMorganChase Institute)上月发布的一份报告同样指出美国工资增长放缓,所有年龄段的收入增长都在减弱,尤其是千禧一代和Z世代——他们的年龄通常与较少的财富积累相关。上个月,年轻人的工资增长放缓至5.2%,是该银行自2011年开始收集数据以来的最低水平之一。这低于2022年约14%以及2020年初疫情前近10%的水平。

这种工资增长上的差异进一步印证了经济学家所说的K型经济,表明美国人基于收入水平和其他经济因素,正面临两种截然不同的命运。

尽管美国经济几十年来一直呈现“K”型,但贫富差距现在受到更多关注,因为中产阶级和年收入10万美元的家庭也被归入了K型的下半部分。例如,根据亚特兰大联储的数据,中间两个四分位群体的工资增长也急剧放缓,并且低于最富裕的美国消费者。

工资增长为何呈现K型走势?

摩根大通研究所的财富与市场研究主管乔治·埃克尔特(George Eckerd)将工资增长的变化——尤其是年轻入门级劳动者的工资增长——归因于劳动力市场活力不足、招聘低迷。在疫情时期劳动力短缺期间企业囤积劳动力之后,招聘速度放缓,同时裁员也趋于保守,以避免重蹈早期的劳动力短缺覆辙。

“关键在于劳动力市场活力下降,总招聘率和离职率都降至相对较低的水平,这尤其影响那些更依赖跳槽来推动职业发展的年轻人,”埃克尔特告诉《财富》杂志。

他说,这些劳动者通常依靠跳槽来攀登职业阶梯。但在一个珍惜现有工作的时代,许多人错过了晋升和赚更多钱的机会。

对于那些有幸能找到新工作的人来说,加薪甚至可能都无法保证。美银研究所(Bank of America Institute)8月份的一份报告引用亚特兰大联储的数据发现,跳槽者的工资涨幅已从2022年的20%下降到2025年7月的仅7%。在5月到7月期间,跳槽者的工资增长与坚守原职者相同。

万神殿宏观经济学(Pantheon Macroeconomics)分析师塞缪尔·汤姆布斯(Samuel Tombs)和奥利弗·艾伦(Oliver Allen)将中等工资增长归咎于关税,他们认为背负进口税负的公司通过削减工资来缓冲利润压力。

“数据显示,自去年年底以来,贸易和运输行业的工资增长放缓幅度超过任何其他主要行业,且降至更低的水平,”分析师在9月份的一份报告中写道。“担心工人能够通过争取更大幅度加薪来应对关税的影响,现在看来极不可能实现。”(*)

译者:朴成奎

大约十年前,美国低收入劳动者的工资增速是所有收入群体中最高的。如今情况恰好相反,富裕家庭与贫困家庭之间的工资增速差距正在不断扩大。

在本周一一篇题为“K型经济”的博客文章中,阿波罗公司(Apollo)首席经济学家托斯滕·斯洛科(Torsten Slok)警告称,日益扩大的差距是当前经济持续服务于富人,而贫困美国人仍在挣扎求存的又一个迹象。

“在疫情之前和期间,低收入家庭的工资增速高于其他收入群体,”他说。“但这种情况在过去一年发生了变化。如今,低收入劳动者的工资增速显著低于中高收入劳动者。”

斯洛科援引亚特兰大联邦储备银行(Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta)的数据指出,对于工资最低的那四分之一美国人而言,名义工资增长率已从2022年7.5%的高点降至目前的约3.5%,为近十年来的最低水平。

尽管过去几年所有收入群体的工资增长都在放缓,但最高收入四分位群体的增长态势相对较好,从2023年约5.5%的峰值下降到目前的略高于4.5%,仍比最低收入群体高出1个百分点。

摩根大通研究所(JPMorganChase Institute)上月发布的一份报告同样指出美国工资增长放缓,所有年龄段的收入增长都在减弱,尤其是千禧一代和Z世代——他们的年龄通常与较少的财富积累相关。上个月,年轻人的工资增长放缓至5.2%,是该银行自2011年开始收集数据以来的最低水平之一。这低于2022年约14%以及2020年初疫情前近10%的水平。

这种工资增长上的差异进一步印证了经济学家所说的K型经济,表明美国人基于收入水平和其他经济因素,正面临两种截然不同的命运。

尽管美国经济几十年来一直呈现“K”型,但贫富差距现在受到更多关注,因为中产阶级和年收入10万美元的家庭也被归入了K型的下半部分。例如,根据亚特兰大联储的数据,中间两个四分位群体的工资增长也急剧放缓,并且低于最富裕的美国消费者。

工资增长为何呈现K型走势?

摩根大通研究所的财富与市场研究主管乔治·埃克尔特(George Eckerd)将工资增长的变化——尤其是年轻入门级劳动者的工资增长——归因于劳动力市场活力不足、招聘低迷。在疫情时期劳动力短缺期间企业囤积劳动力之后,招聘速度放缓,同时裁员也趋于保守,以避免重蹈早期的劳动力短缺覆辙。

“关键在于劳动力市场活力下降,总招聘率和离职率都降至相对较低的水平,这尤其影响那些更依赖跳槽来推动职业发展的年轻人,”埃克尔特告诉《财富》杂志。

他说,这些劳动者通常依靠跳槽来攀登职业阶梯。但在一个珍惜现有工作的时代,许多人错过了晋升和赚更多钱的机会。

对于那些有幸能找到新工作的人来说,加薪甚至可能都无法保证。美银研究所(Bank of America Institute)8月份的一份报告引用亚特兰大联储的数据发现,跳槽者的工资涨幅已从2022年的20%下降到2025年7月的仅7%。在5月到7月期间,跳槽者的工资增长与坚守原职者相同。

万神殿宏观经济学(Pantheon Macroeconomics)分析师塞缪尔·汤姆布斯(Samuel Tombs)和奥利弗·艾伦(Oliver Allen)将中等工资增长归咎于关税,他们认为背负进口税负的公司通过削减工资来缓冲利润压力。

“数据显示,自去年年底以来,贸易和运输行业的工资增长放缓幅度超过任何其他主要行业,且降至更低的水平,”分析师在9月份的一份报告中写道。“担心工人能够通过争取更大幅度加薪来应对关税的影响,现在看来极不可能实现。”(*)

译者:朴成奎

A decade ago, low-income workers saw wages grow at the highest rate of any Americans. Now, the opposite is true, and the gap is widening between how quickly wages increase for wealthy and poorer U.S. households.

In a Monday blog post titled “K-shaped economy,” Apollo chief economist Torsten Slok warned the growing disparity is yet another sign of today's economy continuing to serve the rich, while poor Americans continue to struggle.

“Before and during the pandemic, lower-income households experienced higher wage growth than other income groups,” he said. “But that has changed over the past year. Today, wage growth for low-income workers is significantly lower than wage growth for middle- and high-income workers.”

Slok cited data from the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta indicating that for Americans in the lowest-wage quarter, nominal wage growth went from a high of 7.5% in 2022 to about 3.5% today, the lowest in about a decade.

While wage growth for all income groups has declined in the last few years, growth for the highest-income quartile has held up better, dipping from a peak of about 5.5% in 2023 to more than 4.5% now, still one percent higher than the lowest-income group.

A JPMorganChase Institute report published last month similarly noted slowing wage growth in the U.S., with income gains waning for all age groups, but in particular for millennials and Gen Z---whose ages are correlated with less wealth. Young people's wage growth slowed to 5.2% last month, one of the lowest levels since 2011, when the bank began collecting data. That's down from about 14% in 2022 and from nearly 10% from early 2020 before the pandemic.

These disparities in wage growth add to mounting evidence of what economists are declaring a K-shaped economy, indicating two diverging fortunes for Americans based on income levels and other economic factors.

While the U.S. economy has resembled a “K” for decades, the gap between wealthy and poor has gained more attention as the middle class and those making $100,000 yearly are bunched in with the lower half of the K. For example, wage growth for the middle two quartiles also slowed sharply and is below that of the wealthiest U.S. consumers, according to the Atlanta Fed data.

Why has wage growth become K-shaped?

George Eckerd, wealth and markets research director for JPMorganChase Institute, attributes the changes in wage growth---particularly for younger, entry-level workers---to a stagnant low-fire, low-hire labor market. After companies hoarded workers during the pandemic-era labor shortage, hiring has slowed while firing has also been conservative to avoid replicating those earlier shortages.

“The key point there is that there's been a slowdown in labor market dynamism, the gross hiring rate, the quits rate fall into relatively low levels, and that particularly impacts young people who rely more on job switching to advance in their careers,” Eckert told Fortune.

These workers usually rely on job hopping to work their way up the career ladder. But in a job-hugging era, many are missing the opportunities to climb the ranks and make more money, he said.

For those fortunate to be able to find new jobs, a bump in wages may not even be a guarantee. A Bank of America Institute report from August, citing Atlanta Fed data, found wage increases for job-hoppers have fallen from 20% in 2022 to just 7% as of July 2025. From May to July, wage growth for job-hoppers was the same as those for job-huggers.

Pantheon Macroeconomics analysts Samuel Tombs and Oliver Allen blame tariffs for the middling wage growth, arguing companies saddled with paying import taxes cut wages to buffer their margins.

“Data show wage growth has slowed more in the trade and transportation sector, and to a lower level, than any other major sector since the end of last year,” the analysts wrote in a note in September. “Fears workers would be able to secure larger wage increases in response to the tariffs look highly unlikely to be realized.”

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