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《黑天鹅》作者:美国经济不好,和城市里新修的自行车道有关

财富中文网 2025-10-09 20:06:22

《黑天鹅》作者:美国经济不好,和城市里新修的自行车道有关
纳西姆・塔勒布指出,有时候,人们可能过得太安逸了。图片来源:Eva Marie Uzcategui/Bloomberg via Getty Images

因《黑天鹅》(The Black Swan)一书而广受赞誉的畅销书作者纳西姆・尼古拉斯・塔勒布,在罗恩・保罗研究所(Ron Paul Institute)2025年年会上,大肆批判了当代美国经济所存在的问题。他在演讲中就当代宏观经济和世界形势提出了七点看法,认为美国等发达经济体正遭受着“成功诅咒”。

塔勒布认为,虽然像新建自行车道这类“生活方式改善”善举很受城市规划者和政客的欢迎,但却揭示了一个正悄然困扰西方经济体的更深层次问题:繁荣至极的社会会出现增长幻觉。他说:“很多人开始发现,这类生活方式的改善,像自行车道以及打造对行人和骑行者友好的城市,可能并不会带来经济增长。”

S曲线与停滞的增长

塔勒布在大衰退时期因提出金融灾难的“黑天鹅”理论而声名鹊起。 在那场危机中,房价下跌正是那场无人能预见的事件。2023年出版的《混沌之王》(Chaos Kings)一书写道,塔勒布和马克・斯皮茨纳格尔在20世纪80年代以“叛逆交易员”的身份在华尔街起家,然后在灾难性的市场事件中斩获惊人回报。一直以来,两人都被贴上了悲观主义者的标签,但斯皮茨纳格尔在2024年向《财富》透露,他觉得自己被误解了,他和塔勒布在为灾难做准备的同时,也常常能准确地预测市场的上涨。

在城市进步主义拥护者看来,塔布勒在其最近的演讲中所提到的核心观点可能显得违反直觉且令人不安:像城市自行车道这类现代性的象征,实际上是经济停滞的证据,而非成功的标志。

他引用了自己2012年的书作《反脆弱》(Antifragile)。在该书中,他将生物学中的“S曲线”概念应用到了经济学领域。塔勒布解释说,包括国民经济在内的大多数系统在需求得到满足和效用提升的初期都会经历一个快速增长阶段。然而,它们最终都会达到上限:一旦人人拥有了汽车、购买了房产且基本需求得到满足,进一步投资的回报速度就会大幅放缓。他说,他的研究表明,无论是在生物学还是经济学中,“实体都以凸形方式增长,然后在饱和后放缓——增长可能是无限的,但始终是亚对数级的。” 例如,你可能会扩建房子,增加一个双车位车库,但这并不意味着你必然会升级到一个五车位车库。在达到某个增长阶段后,动力便会减弱,曲线也随之呈现出S形。

塔勒布认为,这正是当前世界经济的状况。像美国和欧洲众多国家这样的富裕国家,正在开展上述自行车道等“生活方式改善”,并通过城市设计调整,打造更适合步行的城市,但这并不一定等同于GDP的增长。另一方面,中国仍在快速增长,因为“很多人仍缺乏像汽车这样的基本品。”

塔勒布认为,美国和欧洲在实现有效增长的能力方面已基本“饱和”,而当前世界经济的问题在于,饱和的经济体背负的债务最多,而一旦处于S曲线的顶端,偿还这些债务会变得“更加困难”。

为什么自行车道拯救不了经济

塔勒布认为,新自行车道的激增,反映了政治体制更倾向于从事那些看得见、立竿见影且对消费者友好的项目。尽管这类改善十分吸引眼球,但对工业生产力、技术创新或出口等核心增长驱动力几乎毫无助益。他随后批评了特朗普的关税政策,称这种将资源从高生产力部门转移到低价值改善项目的做法实际上会削减美国整体GDP。

塔勒布说,特朗普的关税迫使资源流入利润率更低的活动,他认为该政策不亚于“为了避免被专业园丁‘宰客’,而要求一名脑外科医生每周花两天时间去打理花园。”他表示,在债务偿还最需要增长的时候,增长却在下滑,而美国“转移性的政府和不负责任的财政政策”则加剧了这一问题。

塔勒布还指出,这种转向渐进式升级的趋势,恰好与不断上升的债务负担同时发生,这意味着越来越多的公共开支被定向用于偿还贷款,而非刺激未来的扩张。他警告说:“很快,美国的大部分支出将用于偿还债务,而我们缺乏纠正这一问题的政治机制。”多年来,塔勒布一直在警告,不断升级的政府债务会引发“死亡螺旋”。

这位经济学家随后转向了批判S曲线经济体中出现的现代反移民情绪。他说:“从来没有一个社会会为了移民本身而欢迎移民。” 他认为,西方在变得富裕之后,就“再也找不到愿意打扫浴室、修理屋顶、照看吵闹‘熊孩子’以及修剪草坪的人了。” 他认为,很多中产阶层的年轻人在成长过程中不会立志成为一名看门人,“所以,穷人必须被‘引入’,哪怕这些国家并不愿这么做。”

他批评美国和欧洲“结构性地依赖于廉价的移民劳动力”,而他们又喜欢建造带有巨大草坪、需要大量人工维护的超大面积房屋,因此加剧了这种依赖。在转向其他话题之前,他发出了最后一个警告:“由于这种挤压的非线性效应,这种劳动力供给的急剧减少将引发恶性通货膨胀。2022年便是个例子。” 他预测,除了一些“象征性”的移民执法外,为了维持现状,一切都不会改变,包括反移民政治的主导地位。“我们最终陷入了一种奇怪的境地:仇外的人出于自身目的进口劳动力,同时却投票反对移民,这是一种公地悲剧。”

《财富》杂志使用生成式AI辅助完成本文的初稿。编辑在发表前已核实信息的准确性。(*)

译者:冯丰

审校:夏林

因《黑天鹅》(The Black Swan)一书而广受赞誉的畅销书作者纳西姆・尼古拉斯・塔勒布,在罗恩・保罗研究所(Ron Paul Institute)2025年年会上,大肆批判了当代美国经济所存在的问题。他在演讲中就当代宏观经济和世界形势提出了七点看法,认为美国等发达经济体正遭受着“成功诅咒”。

塔勒布认为,虽然像新建自行车道这类“生活方式改善”善举很受城市规划者和政客的欢迎,但却揭示了一个正悄然困扰西方经济体的更深层次问题:繁荣至极的社会会出现增长幻觉。他说:“很多人开始发现,这类生活方式的改善,像自行车道以及打造对行人和骑行者友好的城市,可能并不会带来经济增长。”

S曲线与停滞的增长

塔勒布在大衰退时期因提出金融灾难的“黑天鹅”理论而声名鹊起。 在那场危机中,房价下跌正是那场无人能预见的事件。2023年出版的《混沌之王》(Chaos Kings)一书写道,塔勒布和马克・斯皮茨纳格尔在20世纪80年代以“叛逆交易员”的身份在华尔街起家,然后在灾难性的市场事件中斩获惊人回报。一直以来,两人都被贴上了悲观主义者的标签,但斯皮茨纳格尔在2024年向《财富》透露,他觉得自己被误解了,他和塔勒布在为灾难做准备的同时,也常常能准确地预测市场的上涨。

在城市进步主义拥护者看来,塔布勒在其最近的演讲中所提到的核心观点可能显得违反直觉且令人不安:像城市自行车道这类现代性的象征,实际上是经济停滞的证据,而非成功的标志。

他引用了自己2012年的书作《反脆弱》(Antifragile)。在该书中,他将生物学中的“S曲线”概念应用到了经济学领域。塔勒布解释说,包括国民经济在内的大多数系统在需求得到满足和效用提升的初期都会经历一个快速增长阶段。然而,它们最终都会达到上限:一旦人人拥有了汽车、购买了房产且基本需求得到满足,进一步投资的回报速度就会大幅放缓。他说,他的研究表明,无论是在生物学还是经济学中,“实体都以凸形方式增长,然后在饱和后放缓——增长可能是无限的,但始终是亚对数级的。” 例如,你可能会扩建房子,增加一个双车位车库,但这并不意味着你必然会升级到一个五车位车库。在达到某个增长阶段后,动力便会减弱,曲线也随之呈现出S形。

塔勒布认为,这正是当前世界经济的状况。像美国和欧洲众多国家这样的富裕国家,正在开展上述自行车道等“生活方式改善”,并通过城市设计调整,打造更适合步行的城市,但这并不一定等同于GDP的增长。另一方面,中国仍在快速增长,因为“很多人仍缺乏像汽车这样的基本品。”

塔勒布认为,美国和欧洲在实现有效增长的能力方面已基本“饱和”,而当前世界经济的问题在于,饱和的经济体背负的债务最多,而一旦处于S曲线的顶端,偿还这些债务会变得“更加困难”。

为什么自行车道拯救不了经济

塔勒布认为,新自行车道的激增,反映了政治体制更倾向于从事那些看得见、立竿见影且对消费者友好的项目。尽管这类改善十分吸引眼球,但对工业生产力、技术创新或出口等核心增长驱动力几乎毫无助益。他随后批评了特朗普的关税政策,称这种将资源从高生产力部门转移到低价值改善项目的做法实际上会削减美国整体GDP。

塔勒布说,特朗普的关税迫使资源流入利润率更低的活动,他认为该政策不亚于“为了避免被专业园丁‘宰客’,而要求一名脑外科医生每周花两天时间去打理花园。”他表示,在债务偿还最需要增长的时候,增长却在下滑,而美国“转移性的政府和不负责任的财政政策”则加剧了这一问题。

塔勒布还指出,这种转向渐进式升级的趋势,恰好与不断上升的债务负担同时发生,这意味着越来越多的公共开支被定向用于偿还贷款,而非刺激未来的扩张。他警告说:“很快,美国的大部分支出将用于偿还债务,而我们缺乏纠正这一问题的政治机制。”多年来,塔勒布一直在警告,不断升级的政府债务会引发“死亡螺旋”。

这位经济学家随后转向了批判S曲线经济体中出现的现代反移民情绪。他说:“从来没有一个社会会为了移民本身而欢迎移民。” 他认为,西方在变得富裕之后,就“再也找不到愿意打扫浴室、修理屋顶、照看吵闹‘熊孩子’以及修剪草坪的人了。” 他认为,很多中产阶层的年轻人在成长过程中不会立志成为一名看门人,“所以,穷人必须被‘引入’,哪怕这些国家并不愿这么做。”

他批评美国和欧洲“结构性地依赖于廉价的移民劳动力”,而他们又喜欢建造带有巨大草坪、需要大量人工维护的超大面积房屋,因此加剧了这种依赖。在转向其他话题之前,他发出了最后一个警告:“由于这种挤压的非线性效应,这种劳动力供给的急剧减少将引发恶性通货膨胀。2022年便是个例子。” 他预测,除了一些“象征性”的移民执法外,为了维持现状,一切都不会改变,包括反移民政治的主导地位。“我们最终陷入了一种奇怪的境地:仇外的人出于自身目的进口劳动力,同时却投票反对移民,这是一种公地悲剧。”

《财富》杂志使用生成式AI辅助完成本文的初稿。编辑在发表前已核实信息的准确性。(*)

译者:冯丰

审校:夏林

Nassim Nicholas Taleb, the best-selling author acclaimed for his book "The Black Swan," delivered a powerful critique of modern America's economic malaise during the 2025 Annual Meeting of the Ron Paul Institute. In his address, he offered seven different thoughts on the modern state of macroeconomics and the world, arguing advanced economies like the U.S. are suffering from a curse of success.

Taleb argued well-intentioned "lifestyle improvements" like new bike lanes, while popular among city planners and politicians, reveal a deeper problem silently afflicting Western economies: the illusion of growth in societies that have reached their limits of prosperity. "Many are discovering," he said, "that lifestyle improvements, such as bicycling paths and pedestrian- and cyclist-friendly cities, may not produce economic growth."

The S-curve and stagnated growth

Taleb shot to fame in the Great Recession with his "black swan" theory of financial disasters, with falling house prices in that crisis being the thing that nobody expected to see. As profiled in the 2023 book "Chaos Kings," Taleb and Mark Spitznagel began as "renegade traders" on Wall Street in the 1980s, driving explosive returns during disastrous market events. Both have developed reputations as pessimists over the years, but Spitznagel told Fortune in 2024 that he feels misunderstood, and he and Taleb often correctly call market rallies while bracing for disaster to come.

Taleb's key message in his latest speech could be considered counterintuitive and unnerving for champions of urban progressivism: symbols of modernity—such as city bike lanes—are evidence of economic stagnation, not success.

Referencing his 2012 book Antifragile, in which he applied the idea of the "S-curve" from biology in an economic context, Taleb explained that most systems—including national economies—undergo an initial phase of rapid growth as needs are met and utility rises. Eventually, however, they hit a ceiling: once everyone owns a car, buys a home, and enjoys basic comforts, the returns on further investment slow dramatically. He said his research shows that in both biology and economics, "entities grow in a convex way, then slow as they saturate — growth may be unbounded, but remains sub-logarithmic." For instance, you may grow your house to include a two-car garage, but that doesn't mean you'll necessarily graduate to a five-car garage. The incentive diminishes after a certain stage of growth and the curve takes on an S shape.

This is the situation in the world economy right now, Taleb argued. Rich countries like the U.S. and many in Europe are making "lifestyle improvements" like the aforementioned bike lane, tackling urban design to make more pedestrian-friendly cities, but that does not always equate to booming GDP. China, on the other hand, is still growing fast because "many still lack basics like a car."

The U.S. and Europe, Taleb argued, have essentially "saturated" their capacities for meaningful growth, and the world economy's problem right now is that saturated economies carry the most debt, and servicing that debt "is harder at the top of the S-curve."

Why bike lanes can't save the economy

The proliferation of new bike lanes, Taleb argued, is symptomatic of a political system that favors visible, immediate, and consumer-friendly projects. But such improvements, while visually appealing, do little to address core drivers of growth like industrial productivity, technological innovation, or exports. In fact, shifting resources from highly productive sectors to low-value improvements can depress overall GDP, he said, shifting to a critique of President Trump's tariff regime.

Trump's tariffs force resources into lower-margin activities, Taleb said, likening the policy to "asking a brain surgeon to do some gardening two days a week to avoid being 'ripped off' by professional gardeners." He said growth is declining when it's needed more than ever for debt service, and this is exacerbated by America's "metastatic government and irresponsible fiscal policies."

Taleb also noted this turn toward incremental upgrades coincides with rising debt obligations, meaning more and more public spending is earmarked for servicing loans rather than spurring future expansion. "Soon, most U.S. expenditure will go to servicing debt, and we lack the political mechanisms to correct this," he warned. Taleb has been warning for years of a "death spiral" related to escalating government debt.

The economist shifted to a critique of modern dislike of immigration in S-curve economies. "There has never been a society that welcomed immigration for its own sake," he said, arguing that after the West grew wealthy, it "ran out of people willing to clean bathrooms, fix roofs, babysit noisy spoiled brats, and mow lawns." He argued that many youngsters in the middle class aren't growing up with aspirations to become a janitor someday, "So the poor must be imported — reluctantly."

He criticized the U.S. and Europe becoming "structurally addicted to cheap immigrant labor," exacerbated by their penchant for building oversized houses that had large lawns, requiring intensive labor. He issued a final warning before moving on to other thoughts: "A sharp reduction in this supply would trigger hyperinflation, owing to the nonlinear effects of such squeezes. Remember 2022." He predicted that, some "symbolic" immigration enforcement aside, nothing will change in order to preserve the status quo, including the primacy of anti-immigration politics. "We end up in the strange situation of xenophobic people importing labor for their own purposes while voting against immigration — a sort of tragedy of the commons."

For this story, Fortune used generative AI to help with an initial draft. An editor verified the accuracy of the information before publishing.

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