
根据美国财政部(U.S. Treasury Department)的数据,美国国债总额已激增至超过38万亿美元,而就在两个月前的8月份,它才刚刚超过此前预测的37万亿美元大关。这意味着联邦债务在短短两个多月内就增加了1万亿美元。彼得·G·彼得森基金会(Peter G. Peterson Foundation)测算,这是疫情之外债务增长最快的时期。
致力于财政可持续性的无党派监督机构——彼得·G·彼得森基金会的首席执行官迈克尔·A·彼得森(Michael A. Peterson)表示,这一里程碑事件是“最新的警示信号,表明立法者未能履行其基本的财政职责。”在提供给《财富》杂志的一份声明中,彼得森表示:“如果我们感觉债务增加的速度比以往任何时候都快,那是因为事实确实如此。我们两个月前才突破37万亿美元,而我们现在的增长速度是2000年以来平均增速的两倍。”该基金会的分析将债务加速增长归因于赤字支出、利息成本上升以及持续政府停摆对经济的拖累。
彼得森强调,承担这笔债务的成本正在迅速增加。国债的利息支付现在每年总计约1万亿美元,是联邦预算中增长最快的类别。在过去十年中,政府支付了4万亿美元的利息,彼得森测算,未来10年这一数字将激增至14万亿美元。他表示,这些利息支出“挤占了我们未来重要的公共和私人投资。”
政府停摆加剧财政负担
目前已进入第三周的部分政府停摆正在加剧这些挑战。根据联邦估计,历史上政府停摆代价高昂,在2018—2019年停摆期间增加了40亿美元的联邦开支,2013年增加了20亿美元。政府运作每停滞一天,都会导致短期成本增加、经济活动延迟以及预算改革推迟——这实际上加剧了常常导致停摆的债务问题。
正如财政部报告一再警告的那样,财政决策的延迟也会放大长期成本。例如,财政部财政服务局(Bureau of Fiscal Service)的2024财年财务报告描述了“不可持续的财政路径”,并指出当前政策不可持续。与包括大萧条在内的以往经济危机之后相比,赤字削减的速度已显著落后,当时国会在经济复苏后的几年内就实施了更严格的支出上限和财政改革。
债务的连锁反应
仅仅是偿还这笔债务的利息就可能在经济中产生连锁反应。耶鲁大学预算实验室(Yale Budget Lab)最近的一份报告强调,不断膨胀的联邦债务给通胀和利率都带来了上行压力,可能抑制经济增长,并提高家庭和企业的借贷成本。与此同时,安永(EY)今年进行的一项分析发现,国债上升的趋势可能随着时间的推移导致持续的就业和收入损失。
几位分析师指出,一个有点复杂的因素是唐纳德·特朗普的关税制度正在产生显著收入。阿波罗全球管理公司(Apollo Global Management)首席经济学家托尔斯滕·斯洛克(Torsten Slok)在9月份表示,每年产生的3500亿美元收入“非常显著”。美国国会预算办公室(CBO)发现,在上诉法院裁定其中许多关税非法之前,于8月设定的这些关税可能在未来十年内削减40亿美元赤字。评级机构标普全球(S&P Global)在上诉法院裁决前不久重申了美国的信用评级,称“广泛的收入增长,包括强劲的关税收入,将抵消减税和增加支出带来的任何财政下滑。”
尽管如此,美国在三大主要评级机构中均已失去最高评级,这些机构都提到了不可持续的财政趋势和反复出现的政治僵局。这些降级已经产生了立竿见影的后果,给借贷成本带来进一步的上行压力,并对美元作为世界储备货币的长期全球地位提出了质疑。与此相关的是,在2025年大部分时间里,黄金价格经历了历史性飙升,直到本周早些时候暴跌至最严重的抛售水平。金价目前仍交易于每盎司4000美元上方,年初至今涨幅超过50%。
“让债务万亿接一万亿地增加,并通过危机来制定预算,绝不像美国这样的大国管理财政的方式,”彼得森说。“立法者应该利用现有的诸多负责任的改革,让我们国家走上更强劲的未来之路。”
财政部未回应置评请求。(*)
译者:朴成奎
根据美国财政部(U.S. Treasury Department)的数据,美国国债总额已激增至超过38万亿美元,而就在两个月前的8月份,它才刚刚超过此前预测的37万亿美元大关。这意味着联邦债务在短短两个多月内就增加了1万亿美元。彼得·G·彼得森基金会(Peter G. Peterson Foundation)测算,这是疫情之外债务增长最快的时期。
致力于财政可持续性的无党派监督机构——彼得·G·彼得森基金会的首席执行官迈克尔·A·彼得森(Michael A. Peterson)表示,这一里程碑事件是“最新的警示信号,表明立法者未能履行其基本的财政职责。”在提供给《财富》杂志的一份声明中,彼得森表示:“如果我们感觉债务增加的速度比以往任何时候都快,那是因为事实确实如此。我们两个月前才突破37万亿美元,而我们现在的增长速度是2000年以来平均增速的两倍。”该基金会的分析将债务加速增长归因于赤字支出、利息成本上升以及持续政府停摆对经济的拖累。
彼得森强调,承担这笔债务的成本正在迅速增加。国债的利息支付现在每年总计约1万亿美元,是联邦预算中增长最快的类别。在过去十年中,政府支付了4万亿美元的利息,彼得森测算,未来10年这一数字将激增至14万亿美元。他表示,这些利息支出“挤占了我们未来重要的公共和私人投资。”
政府停摆加剧财政负担
目前已进入第三周的部分政府停摆正在加剧这些挑战。根据联邦估计,历史上政府停摆代价高昂,在2018—2019年停摆期间增加了40亿美元的联邦开支,2013年增加了20亿美元。政府运作每停滞一天,都会导致短期成本增加、经济活动延迟以及预算改革推迟——这实际上加剧了常常导致停摆的债务问题。
正如财政部报告一再警告的那样,财政决策的延迟也会放大长期成本。例如,财政部财政服务局(Bureau of Fiscal Service)的2024财年财务报告描述了“不可持续的财政路径”,并指出当前政策不可持续。与包括大萧条在内的以往经济危机之后相比,赤字削减的速度已显著落后,当时国会在经济复苏后的几年内就实施了更严格的支出上限和财政改革。
债务的连锁反应
仅仅是偿还这笔债务的利息就可能在经济中产生连锁反应。耶鲁大学预算实验室(Yale Budget Lab)最近的一份报告强调,不断膨胀的联邦债务给通胀和利率都带来了上行压力,可能抑制经济增长,并提高家庭和企业的借贷成本。与此同时,安永(EY)今年进行的一项分析发现,国债上升的趋势可能随着时间的推移导致持续的就业和收入损失。
几位分析师指出,一个有点复杂的因素是唐纳德·特朗普的关税制度正在产生显著收入。阿波罗全球管理公司(Apollo Global Management)首席经济学家托尔斯滕·斯洛克(Torsten Slok)在9月份表示,每年产生的3500亿美元收入“非常显著”。美国国会预算办公室(CBO)发现,在上诉法院裁定其中许多关税非法之前,于8月设定的这些关税可能在未来十年内削减40亿美元赤字。评级机构标普全球(S&P Global)在上诉法院裁决前不久重申了美国的信用评级,称“广泛的收入增长,包括强劲的关税收入,将抵消减税和增加支出带来的任何财政下滑。”
尽管如此,美国在三大主要评级机构中均已失去最高评级,这些机构都提到了不可持续的财政趋势和反复出现的政治僵局。这些降级已经产生了立竿见影的后果,给借贷成本带来进一步的上行压力,并对美元作为世界储备货币的长期全球地位提出了质疑。与此相关的是,在2025年大部分时间里,黄金价格经历了历史性飙升,直到本周早些时候暴跌至最严重的抛售水平。金价目前仍交易于每盎司4000美元上方,年初至今涨幅超过50%。
“让债务万亿接一万亿地增加,并通过危机来制定预算,绝不像美国这样的大国管理财政的方式,”彼得森说。“立法者应该利用现有的诸多负责任的改革,让我们国家走上更强劲的未来之路。”
财政部未回应置评请求。(*)
译者:朴成奎
The U.S. national debt has surged past $38 trillion, according to the U.S. Treasury Department, just two months after surpassing previous forecasts to reach $37 trillion in August. This means the federal debt rose by $1 trillion in a little over two months, which the Peter G. Peterson Foundation calculates is the fastest rate of growth outside the pandemic.
Michael A. Peterson, CEO of the nonpartisan watchdog dedicated to fiscal sustainability, said this landmark is "the latest troubling sign that lawmakers are not meeting their basic fiscal duties." In a statement provided to Fortune, Peterson said that "if it seems like we are adding debt faster than ever, that's because we are. We passed $37 trillion just two months ago, and the pace we're on is twice as fast as the rate of growth since 2000." The foundation's analysis attributes the acceleration to a combination of deficit spending, rising interest costs, and the economic drag of the ongoing government shutdown.
Peterson emphasized that the costs of carrying this debt are mounting rapidly. Interest payments on the national debt now total roughly $1 trillion per year, the fastest-growing category in the federal budget. Over the last decade, the government spent $4 trillion on interest, and Peterson calculated that it will balloon to $14 trillion over the next 10 years. He said that money "crowds out important public and private investments in our future."
Shutdown exacerbates fiscal burden
The partial government shutdown, now entering its third week, is compounding those challenges. Shutdowns have historically been costly, adding $4 billion to federal expenses during the 2018–2019 closure and $2 billion in 2013, according to federal estimates. Each day of stalled government operations contributes to higher short-term costs, delayed economic activity, and postponed budgetary reforms—effectively worsening the debt problem they often stem from.
Delays in fiscal decision-making also magnify long-term costs, as Treasury reports have repeatedly warned. For instance, the Treasury's Bureau of Fiscal Service Financial Report for fiscal year 2024 included a description of an "unsustainable fiscal path" and an indication that "current policy is not sustainable." Deficit reduction has lagged significantly behind the pace seen after previous economic crises, including the Great Recession, when Congress implemented stricter spending caps and fiscal reforms within a few years of recovery.
Debt ripples
Paying off just the interest on this debt threatens to ripple through the economy. A recent Yale Budget Lab report highlighted how ballooning federal debt exerts upward pressure on both inflation and interest rates, potentially constraining growth and lifting borrowing costs for households and businesses alike. Meanwhile, an analysis conducted by EY this year found that the national debt's rising trajectory could lead to sustained job and income losses over time.
A complicating factor, somewhat, is the "significant" revenue being generated by President Donald Trump's tariff regime, several analysts have noted. Apollo Global Management Chief Economist Torsten Slok said the $350 billion being generated each year was "very significant" in September. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) found that the tariffs, as constructed in August, before an appeals court ruled many of them to be illegal, could cut deficits by $4 billion over the next decade. The ratings agency S&P Global reaffirmed the U.S. credit rating shortly before the appeals court ruled, saying that "broad revenue buoyancy, including robust tariff income, will offset any fiscal slippage from tax cuts and spending increases."
Still, the U.S. credit rating is no longer top-rated at any of the three major ratings agencies, which have cited both unsustainable fiscal trends and recurring political gridlock. These downgrades have had immediate consequences, placing further upward pressure on borrowing costs and raising questions about the long-term global standing of the U.S. dollar as the world's reserve currency. Relatedly, gold has been on a historic tear for much of 2025, before slumping to its worst sell-off earlier this week. Gold is still trading above the $4,000-per-ounce mark, a more than 50% increase year-to-date.
"Adding trillion after trillion to the debt and budgeting-by-crisis is no way for a great nation like America to run its finances," Peterson said. "Lawmakers should take advantage of the many responsible reforms available that would put our nation on a stronger path for the future."
The Treasury Department did not respond to a request for comment.
 
			