
苹果首席执行官蒂姆・库克该走人了吗?过去几周发生的事情可能会让人们产生这种想法。然而,研究首席执行官继任问题的顶尖专家建议要冷静处理,并从大局出发。这一点说明,库克或将在未来数年内继续担任公司首席执行官,以及此举甚至可能是苹果的最佳选择。近期传出了多个令人沮丧的消息:一位高级人工智能研究员离职,而就在数周后,一位苹果人工智能高管转投Meta。这些消息尤其令人痛心,因为人们普遍认为苹果在人工智能这个全球最热门的技术领域处于落后地位。Wedbush公司分析师丹・艾夫斯表示,上个月苹果的年度全球开发者大会“令人昏昏欲睡”,而苹果通常会在这个场合推出令人惊叹的新产品或服务。在微软和Alphabet公司股价创下新高之际,苹果今年的股价却下跌了16%。
难怪华尔街研究公司Lightshed认为库克不适合继续执掌苹果。该公司写道,苹果 “现在需要一位专注于产品的首席执行官,而不是专注于物流的首席执行官。人工智能不是苹果随便‘动动手指’就能搞定的事情。在人工智能领域落后可能会从根本上改变公司的长期发展轨迹和增长能力。”
按照早些时候的标准,库克无论如何都该离职了。到8月,他的首席执行官任期将达到14年,而且到11月将迎来65岁的生日。不过,65岁在如今已不算什么特别的年龄,而且没有哪个董事会会急于解雇像他这样的首席执行官,因为他创造的股东价值远高于其传奇般的前任史蒂夫・乔布斯。至少从理论上讲,库克和董事会有很大的选择空间。
那么库克和董事会应该怎么做?为了得到权威答案,《财富》邀请了三位杰出的高管猎头专家,他们每个人都曾为数十家大型公司的董事会提供过继任管理方面的咨询。为了确保他们说出真实想法,我们同意了其匿名要求。以下是他们看法的汇总,以及杰出的商业历史学家理查德・泰德洛的最终观点。泰德洛对任何认为库克时代已结束的观点给出了令人信服的反驳。
苹果如今的竞争环境。“有两件事情正在同步发展。一是人工智能,它比互联网重要得多;二是硬件的发展。这里存在一个‘足够好’的问题:对大多数用户来说,手机已经足够好了。我是一个重度手机用户,我的iPhone都用了好几年了,因为没有令人信服的升级理由。这两个因素的结合让苹果的环境更具挑战性。”
与此同时,顾问们也看到了苹果暂时的优势。“苹果不像谷歌那样面临来自人工智能的生存威胁。苹果依然拥有自家平台——我仍然通过苹果手机来使用 ChatGPT。在这种交互中,苹果的收入并未受损。因此,苹果的收入来源实际上决定了其并不需要快速迈入[人工智能领域]。”
“别忘了,苹果在新技术和新产品上市方面向来都不做首发。虽然苹果被认为是世界上最具创新性的公司,但在很大程度上,公司会选取一个已被验证的概念,然后以极具创造力且富有美感的方式来运用。”
不过,人们已经等很久了。“如果苹果在未来12个月内未能推出一个真正可用的基础助手来取代Siri,我会感到震惊。”
库克会考虑在什么时候卸任?“这个问题确实直击要害。如果是两年后,届时有合适的外部人选吗?有从外部回来的‘回归者’吗?”
“有鉴于苹果在外部人士方面的文化历史,苹果不大可能外求。[在史蒂夫・乔布斯1997年回归之前,]苹果差点断送在外部人士手中,这几乎成为了苹果以往鉴来的典型案例。我们不断听到消息称,库克考虑在68到70岁[也就是从现在起3到5年后]卸任。他觉得在人工智能方面还有一些未完成的事情。”
“我认为蒂姆在70岁之前会卸任。说实话,我觉得他累了。这段旅程令其精疲力尽,他很了不起,但我确实感觉到他的劲头有所变化。”
什么样的高管能成为库克的接班人?“人们普遍认为,苹果确实需要一位有产品远见的人,而不是像库克那样的运营天才。我认为,在关税和供应链问题得到解决之前,苹果可能确实需要库克掌舵,因为这对苹果来说并不是什么小事。”
库克的主要候选接班人都有谁?“首当其冲的是约翰・特纳斯和克雷格・费德里吉。”特纳斯是硬件工程高级副总裁,费德里吉是软件工程高级副总裁。“不过考虑到时间线问题,[苹果]仍有可能做出不少调整,因此继任者也可能另有他人。”
“在苹果这样为数不多的几家公司中,担任其首席执行官真的不亚于担任国家总统。这样的公司可能有十几家。尽管听起来有点颠覆传统,但在某种程度上,对于这些公司来说,有效地经营公司只是首席执行官的次要职责。”
总之,如何整体评价蒂姆・库克?为此,我们请教了商业历史学家、哈佛商学院名誉教授理查德・泰德洛。像所有优秀的教授一样,他会先提问题。他首先提出了有关苹果的五个关键问题:客户对公司感到满意吗?公司能后来居上吗?公司有强大的企业文化吗?公司愿意承认错误吗?公司有 “灾难想象力”,也就是意识到事情可能会变得非常糟糕吗?他坚定地对所有问题都给出了肯定的答案。当得知一家华尔街研究公司称库克应该辞职时,泰德洛提到了沃伦・巴菲特5月邀请库克参加伯克希尔-哈撒韦公司(Berkshire Hathaway)年度股东大会一事。巴菲特在大会上说:“有点羞于启齿的是,蒂姆・库克为伯克希尔赚的钱比我为伯克希尔赚的多得多。”泰德洛问道:“如果上面这家华尔街公司打电话问巴菲特,‘沃伦,你认为蒂姆・库克现在该走人了吗’,你觉得沃伦会怎么说?”
泰德洛的终极问题是:“如果你现在可以选择商业史上的任何一位高管来担任苹果的首席执行官,从约翰・雅各布・阿斯特到约翰・洛克菲勒,再到老汤姆・沃森、安迪・格鲁夫和蒂姆・库克,你会选谁?这实际上并不是什么难题。”
译者:冯丰
审校:夏林
苹果首席执行官蒂姆・库克该走人了吗?过去几周发生的事情可能会让人们产生这种想法。然而,研究首席执行官继任问题的顶尖专家建议要冷静处理,并从大局出发。这一点说明,库克或将在未来数年内继续担任公司首席执行官,以及此举甚至可能是苹果的最佳选择。近期传出了多个令人沮丧的消息:一位高级人工智能研究员离职,而就在数周后,一位苹果人工智能高管转投Meta。这些消息尤其令人痛心,因为人们普遍认为苹果在人工智能这个全球最热门的技术领域处于落后地位。Wedbush公司分析师丹・艾夫斯表示,上个月苹果的年度全球开发者大会“令人昏昏欲睡”,而苹果通常会在这个场合推出令人惊叹的新产品或服务。在微软和Alphabet公司股价创下新高之际,苹果今年的股价却下跌了16%。
难怪华尔街研究公司Lightshed认为库克不适合继续执掌苹果。该公司写道,苹果 “现在需要一位专注于产品的首席执行官,而不是专注于物流的首席执行官。人工智能不是苹果随便‘动动手指’就能搞定的事情。在人工智能领域落后可能会从根本上改变公司的长期发展轨迹和增长能力。”
按照早些时候的标准,库克无论如何都该离职了。到8月,他的首席执行官任期将达到14年,而且到11月将迎来65岁的生日。不过,65岁在如今已不算什么特别的年龄,而且没有哪个董事会会急于解雇像他这样的首席执行官,因为他创造的股东价值远高于其传奇般的前任史蒂夫・乔布斯。至少从理论上讲,库克和董事会有很大的选择空间。
那么库克和董事会应该怎么做?为了得到权威答案,《财富》邀请了三位杰出的高管猎头专家,他们每个人都曾为数十家大型公司的董事会提供过继任管理方面的咨询。为了确保他们说出真实想法,我们同意了其匿名要求。以下是他们看法的汇总,以及杰出的商业历史学家理查德・泰德洛的最终观点。泰德洛对任何认为库克时代已结束的观点给出了令人信服的反驳。
苹果如今的竞争环境。“有两件事情正在同步发展。一是人工智能,它比互联网重要得多;二是硬件的发展。这里存在一个‘足够好’的问题:对大多数用户来说,手机已经足够好了。我是一个重度手机用户,我的iPhone都用了好几年了,因为没有令人信服的升级理由。这两个因素的结合让苹果的环境更具挑战性。”
与此同时,顾问们也看到了苹果暂时的优势。“苹果不像谷歌那样面临来自人工智能的生存威胁。苹果依然拥有自家平台——我仍然通过苹果手机来使用 ChatGPT。在这种交互中,苹果的收入并未受损。因此,苹果的收入来源实际上决定了其并不需要快速迈入[人工智能领域]。”
“别忘了,苹果在新技术和新产品上市方面向来都不做首发。虽然苹果被认为是世界上最具创新性的公司,但在很大程度上,公司会选取一个已被验证的概念,然后以极具创造力且富有美感的方式来运用。”
不过,人们已经等很久了。“如果苹果在未来12个月内未能推出一个真正可用的基础助手来取代Siri,我会感到震惊。”
库克会考虑在什么时候卸任?“这个问题确实直击要害。如果是两年后,届时有合适的外部人选吗?有从外部回来的‘回归者’吗?”
“有鉴于苹果在外部人士方面的文化历史,苹果不大可能外求。[在史蒂夫・乔布斯1997年回归之前,]苹果差点断送在外部人士手中,这几乎成为了苹果以往鉴来的典型案例。我们不断听到消息称,库克考虑在68到70岁[也就是从现在起3到5年后]卸任。他觉得在人工智能方面还有一些未完成的事情。”
“我认为蒂姆在70岁之前会卸任。说实话,我觉得他累了。这段旅程令其精疲力尽,他很了不起,但我确实感觉到他的劲头有所变化。”
什么样的高管能成为库克的接班人?“人们普遍认为,苹果确实需要一位有产品远见的人,而不是像库克那样的运营天才。我认为,在关税和供应链问题得到解决之前,苹果可能确实需要库克掌舵,因为这对苹果来说并不是什么小事。”
库克的主要候选接班人都有谁?“首当其冲的是约翰・特纳斯和克雷格・费德里吉。”特纳斯是硬件工程高级副总裁,费德里吉是软件工程高级副总裁。“不过考虑到时间线问题,[苹果]仍有可能做出不少调整,因此继任者也可能另有他人。”
“在苹果这样为数不多的几家公司中,担任其首席执行官真的不亚于担任国家总统。这样的公司可能有十几家。尽管听起来有点颠覆传统,但在某种程度上,对于这些公司来说,有效地经营公司只是首席执行官的次要职责。”
总之,如何整体评价蒂姆・库克?为此,我们请教了商业历史学家、哈佛商学院名誉教授理查德・泰德洛。像所有优秀的教授一样,他会先提问题。他首先提出了有关苹果的五个关键问题:客户对公司感到满意吗?公司能后来居上吗?公司有强大的企业文化吗?公司愿意承认错误吗?公司有 “灾难想象力”,也就是意识到事情可能会变得非常糟糕吗?他坚定地对所有问题都给出了肯定的答案。当得知一家华尔街研究公司称库克应该辞职时,泰德洛提到了沃伦・巴菲特5月邀请库克参加伯克希尔-哈撒韦公司(Berkshire Hathaway)年度股东大会一事。巴菲特在大会上说:“有点羞于启齿的是,蒂姆・库克为伯克希尔赚的钱比我为伯克希尔赚的多得多。”泰德洛问道:“如果上面这家华尔街公司打电话问巴菲特,‘沃伦,你认为蒂姆・库克现在该走人了吗’,你觉得沃伦会怎么说?”
泰德洛的终极问题是:“如果你现在可以选择商业史上的任何一位高管来担任苹果的首席执行官,从约翰・雅各布・阿斯特到约翰・洛克菲勒,再到老汤姆・沃森、安迪・格鲁夫和蒂姆・库克,你会选谁?这实际上并不是什么难题。”
译者:冯丰
审校:夏林
Is it time for Apple CEO Tim Cook to clean out his office? You might think so after the past few weeks. But top experts on CEO successions counsel settling down and looking at the big picture. It shows why Cook might remain CEO for years and why that might even be the best course for Apple. The recent depressing news included a top Apple AI executive’s defection to Meta just weeks after another high-level AI researcher had left—especially painful because Apple is widely seen as a laggard in the world’s hottest technology, AI. Last month Apple’s annual Worldwide Developer Conference, often a scene of breathtaking new products or services, was “a snoozer,” said Wedbush analyst Dan Ives. While stocks of Microsoft and Alphabet are hitting new highs, Apple is down 16% this year.
Little wonder that a Wall Street research firm, Lightshed, concluded Cook is no longer the right boss for Apple. The company “now needs a product-focused CEO, not one centered on logistics,” the firm wrote. “AI is not something that Apple can merely ‘pull the string’ on. Missing on AI could fundamentally alter the company’s long-term trajectory and ability to grow at all.”
By earlier standards, Cook would have been on his way out in any case. In August he will have been CEO for 14 years, and in November he turns 65. But 65 is nothing special anymore, and no board of directors will hurry to dispatch a CEO who created far more shareholder value than his legendary predecessor, Steve Jobs, ever did. At least in theory, the options for Cook and the board are wide open.
So what should Cook and the board do? To get an authoritative answer, Fortune recruited three eminent executive search experts, each of whom has counseled scores of major boards on managing successions. We agreed to withhold their names so that they could speak completely candidly. Here are their combined thoughts—as well as the final word from preeminent business historian Richard Tedlow, who gives a compelling comeback to anyone who thinks Cook’s time is up.
Apple’s competitive environment now. “Two things are happening in parallel. One is AI, which is a much bigger deal than the internet was. The second thing is the evolution of the hardware. There’s a ‘good enough’ problem. For most users, the phones are good enough. I’m a power phone user, and I use a several-year-old iPhone because there’s no compelling reason to upgrade. Those two things in combination make for a more challenging environment for Apple.”
At the same time, the consultants see a temporary upside for Apple. “They don’t have the existential threat that Google has from AI. Apple still has the platform—I’m still using my Apple phone to reference ChatGPT. They’re not losing revenue in that exchange. So if you look at where they make money, they actually don’t need a quick entry [into AI].”
“Remember, Apple has never been first to market with anything. They’re considered to be the most innovative company in the world, but they have largely taken a concept that’s been proven and made it applicable for use in ways that are highly innovative and esthetically appealing.”
Still, the clock has been ticking for a while. “I would be shocked if within the next 12 months they do not release a truly functioning baseline agent to replace Siri.”
When might Cook be thinking of stepping down? “That’s really the foundational question. If it’s two years, are there any outsiders who could plausibly come in? Are there any boomerang people who could come back from outside of Apple?”
“Apple is less likely to go outside because of the cultural history of outsiders at Apple. It’s almost revered, the story of how outsiders almost killed Apple [before Steve Jobs returned in 1997]. We hear pretty consistently that Cook is thinking of an age 68 to 70 timeline [which would be three to five years from now.] He feels that, with AI, there’s some unfinished business.”
“I don’t think Tim will be CEO until he’s 70. I think he’s tired, honestly. It’s been an exhausting journey, and he’s amazing, but I do sense a different energy.”
What kind of executive will Cook’s successor be? “The common wisdom is that they really need a product visionary, as opposed to the operational genius that he was. I would argue that until the tariff and supply chain issues get resolved, they probably do need him at the helm because that is a non-trivial issue for them.”
Who are the leading candidates to succeed Cook? “The most obvious are John [Ternus] and Craig [Federighi].” Ternus is senior vice president hardware engineering. Federighi is senior vice president software engineering. “But given the timeline, [the company] could still make quite a few changes, and it could be somebody quite different.”
“There are a few companies where being a CEO is really like being the president of a country, and Apple is one of those. There are maybe a dozen. It sounds kind of heretical to say, but to some degree, the smaller part of the job is effectively operating the company.”
Bottom line, what is the big-picture assessment of Tim Cook? For this we turn to a business historian, Richard Tedlow, an emeritus professor at the Harvard Business School. Like any good professor, he asks questions. He starts by asking five crucial questions about Apple: Does it satisfy customers? Does it come from behind? Does it have a powerful corporate culture? Is it willing to admit mistakes? Does it have “an imagination of disaster,” a realization that things could go badly wrong? Approvingly, he answers Yes to all. Told that a Wall Street research firm has said Cook should resign, Tedlow notes that Warren Buffett invited Cook to Berkshire Hathaway’s annual meeting in May and said, “I’m somewhat embarrassed to say that Tim Cook has made Berkshire a lot more money than I’ve ever made [for] Berkshire Hathaway.” Tedlow asks, “If that Wall Street firm called Buffett and said, ‘Warren, do you think it’s time to get rid of Tim Cook,’ what do you think Warren would say?”
Tedlow’s ultimate query: “If you could choose anybody to be the CEO of Apple right now—anybody in the whole history of business, from John Jacob Astor to John D. Rockefeller to Tom Watson Sr. to Andy Grove to Tim Cook—whom would you choose? This is actually not a difficult question.”