
过去一年,在特斯拉公布最新季度财报后的第二天,笔者都会计算一个名为“马斯克魔力溢价”的指标。简而言之,该指标揭示了这家电动汽车先驱的估值中,有多少是基于其当前业绩,又有多少是基于投资者的押注——他们坚信马斯克能兑现其承诺的各项创新(从机器人出租车到人形机器人),尽管这些能盈利的项目迟迟未能落地,且不断被推迟。
在特斯拉于10月22日(周三)市场收盘后发布第三季度财报后,笔者再次计算了这一指标。该公司本季度销售额创下纪录,但其惨淡的利润数据与近期股价的飙升形成鲜明对比。自4月初以来,这家制造商的市值已翻了一番,在上周早些时候达到1.46万亿美元。自本世纪初的鼎盛时期以来,估值飙升与利润大幅下滑并存,使得这“魔力溢价”如同萦绕在华尔街上空的万圣节幽灵。
特斯拉核心盈利仅为通用汽车约一半
为计算“魔力溢价”,笔者首先采用一个公式来确定基础的可重复性盈利。具体操作是以通用会计准则(GAAP)净利润为起点,并对两个项目进行调整。
第一项是监管积分销售收入。随着特朗普政府取消了先前的要求(即美国汽车制造商若自身未能生产足够数量的环保汽车,则需向特斯拉和其他电动汽车制造商支付相当于巨额罚款的费用),这部分收入已在下降。马斯克已承认,这部分收入流将持续减少,直至几乎消失。第二项是特斯拉每季度将其大量持有的比特币入账所产生的损益。这是一项特殊的非经营性项目,笔者也将其剔除——从利润中扣除收益(或将亏损加回)。
第三季度,特斯拉录得净利润13.72亿美元,较去年同期下降37%。扣除税后监管积分收入约3亿美元,并加回与特斯拉业务经营状况无关的数字资产持有损失6200万美元后,笔者得出可持续净利润为11.34亿美元(即13.72亿美元减去这些非核心项目带来的2.38亿美元净减少额)。
将此数字与前三个季度的调整后盈利相加,可得出过去12个月的核心盈利总额为36亿美元。这大约是传统汽车制造商通用汽车(General Motors)同期盈利的一半。
那么,基于特斯拉实际赚取的利润(与其首席执行官不断承诺的奇迹相对),它今天“价值”多少?如果我们给予其30倍的市盈率(与标普500指数平均水平持平——顺便提一下,该平均值因包括特斯拉在内的“美股七雄”的股价而被严重推高),我们得到其“公平价值”为1080亿美元(30倍乘以36亿美元盈利)。但投资者押注这家汽车制造商价值1.46万亿美元。其中的差额,即建立在马斯克不断变化的未来承诺之上的价值,构成了马斯克魔力溢价:在本例中为1.35万亿美元。换句话说,那些如同沙漠中海市蜃楼般不断退却的朦胧愿景,占据了特斯拉市值的90%。
特斯拉盈利需以多快速度增长才能匹配马斯克魔力溢价?
以1.46万亿美元的市值计算,特斯拉的股价是其可重复盈利的405倍。现在让我们看看,该股必须达到何种高度,才能在未来七年内实现哪怕温和的10%的年化回报。要达到这个目标,特斯拉的估值需要翻倍至2.9万亿美元。
要产生足够的利润来证明如此巨大的市值是合理的,马斯克需要开启一段盈利快速扩张和增长迅猛的旅程,而参与其中的投资者将如同闯入“恐怖屋”。我们不妨慷慨假设,到2032年底,特斯拉仍能维持30倍的丰厚市盈率。在这种情况下,届时该公司每年需要产生970亿美元的利润。这大约是微软(Microsoft)和苹果(Apple)目前所达到的水平,而它们当前的利润在资本主义历史上已属最高之列。
从目前36亿美元的年化盈利跃升至970亿美元,意味着马斯克需要在2032年之前,每年都实现60%的利润增长。仅在最后12个月,他就需要增加数百亿美元的额外盈利。
当然,马斯克过去曾创造过奇迹。但在这个万圣节,要驱散困扰特斯拉的幽灵,看起来像是一个遥不可及的奇迹。(*)
译者:郝秀
审校:汪皓
过去一年,在特斯拉公布最新季度财报后的第二天,笔者都会计算一个名为“马斯克魔力溢价”的指标。简而言之,该指标揭示了这家电动汽车先驱的估值中,有多少是基于其当前业绩,又有多少是基于投资者的押注——他们坚信马斯克能兑现其承诺的各项创新(从机器人出租车到人形机器人),尽管这些能盈利的项目迟迟未能落地,且不断被推迟。
在特斯拉于10月22日(周三)市场收盘后发布第三季度财报后,笔者再次计算了这一指标。该公司本季度销售额创下纪录,但其惨淡的利润数据与近期股价的飙升形成鲜明对比。自4月初以来,这家制造商的市值已翻了一番,在上周早些时候达到1.46万亿美元。自本世纪初的鼎盛时期以来,估值飙升与利润大幅下滑并存,使得这“魔力溢价”如同萦绕在华尔街上空的万圣节幽灵。
特斯拉核心盈利仅为通用汽车约一半
为计算“魔力溢价”,笔者首先采用一个公式来确定基础的可重复性盈利。具体操作是以通用会计准则(GAAP)净利润为起点,并对两个项目进行调整。
第一项是监管积分销售收入。随着特朗普政府取消了先前的要求(即美国汽车制造商若自身未能生产足够数量的环保汽车,则需向特斯拉和其他电动汽车制造商支付相当于巨额罚款的费用),这部分收入已在下降。马斯克已承认,这部分收入流将持续减少,直至几乎消失。第二项是特斯拉每季度将其大量持有的比特币入账所产生的损益。这是一项特殊的非经营性项目,笔者也将其剔除——从利润中扣除收益(或将亏损加回)。
第三季度,特斯拉录得净利润13.72亿美元,较去年同期下降37%。扣除税后监管积分收入约3亿美元,并加回与特斯拉业务经营状况无关的数字资产持有损失6200万美元后,笔者得出可持续净利润为11.34亿美元(即13.72亿美元减去这些非核心项目带来的2.38亿美元净减少额)。
将此数字与前三个季度的调整后盈利相加,可得出过去12个月的核心盈利总额为36亿美元。这大约是传统汽车制造商通用汽车(General Motors)同期盈利的一半。
那么,基于特斯拉实际赚取的利润(与其首席执行官不断承诺的奇迹相对),它今天“价值”多少?如果我们给予其30倍的市盈率(与标普500指数平均水平持平——顺便提一下,该平均值因包括特斯拉在内的“美股七雄”的股价而被严重推高),我们得到其“公平价值”为1080亿美元(30倍乘以36亿美元盈利)。但投资者押注这家汽车制造商价值1.46万亿美元。其中的差额,即建立在马斯克不断变化的未来承诺之上的价值,构成了马斯克魔力溢价:在本例中为1.35万亿美元。换句话说,那些如同沙漠中海市蜃楼般不断退却的朦胧愿景,占据了特斯拉市值的90%。
特斯拉盈利需以多快速度增长才能匹配马斯克魔力溢价?
以1.46万亿美元的市值计算,特斯拉的股价是其可重复盈利的405倍。现在让我们看看,该股必须达到何种高度,才能在未来七年内实现哪怕温和的10%的年化回报。要达到这个目标,特斯拉的估值需要翻倍至2.9万亿美元。
要产生足够的利润来证明如此巨大的市值是合理的,马斯克需要开启一段盈利快速扩张和增长迅猛的旅程,而参与其中的投资者将如同闯入“恐怖屋”。我们不妨慷慨假设,到2032年底,特斯拉仍能维持30倍的丰厚市盈率。在这种情况下,届时该公司每年需要产生970亿美元的利润。这大约是微软(Microsoft)和苹果(Apple)目前所达到的水平,而它们当前的利润在资本主义历史上已属最高之列。
从目前36亿美元的年化盈利跃升至970亿美元,意味着马斯克需要在2032年之前,每年都实现60%的利润增长。仅在最后12个月,他就需要增加数百亿美元的额外盈利。
当然,马斯克过去曾创造过奇迹。但在这个万圣节,要驱散困扰特斯拉的幽灵,看起来像是一个遥不可及的奇迹。(*)
译者:郝秀
审校:汪皓
Over the past year, on the day after Tesla unveils its latest quarterly report, this writer has calculated a metric I call the "Musk Magic" Premium. Put simply, the figure demonstrates how much of the EV pioneer's valuation is explained by its current performance, and what portion rests on investors' bet that Musk will deliver super-big on sundry promised innovations, from robotaxis to humanoid robots--- areas where money-making versions haven't materialized, and keep getting delayed.
I calculated the metric once again following Tesla's report for Q3, issued after the market close on Wednesday October 22. The company reported record sales for the quarter. But its terrible profit numbers stand in glaring contract to the recent moonshot for the stock, which has doubled the manufacturer's market cap since early April, to $1.46 trillion earlier this week. The combination of a ballooning valuation and huge profit declines since the company's heyday at the turn of the decade makes the Magic Premium a Halloween ghoul that's haunting Wall Street.
Tesla's core earnings are running at about half GM's
To arrive at the Magic Premium, I first deploy a formula establishing bedrock, repeatable earnings. To get there I start with GAAP net profits and adjust for two items.
The first: sales of regulatory credits. They're already declining now that the Trump administration has waived a previous requirement that U.S. automakers pay what amount to big penalties to Tesla and other EV-makers for failure to meet required targets for producing enough green vehicles themselves. Musk has acknowledged that the income stream from those payments will keep falling, then pretty much disappear. Second: Tesla books gains or losses on its big Bitcoin holdings each quarter. That's a special, non-operating item that I also exclude by eliminating the gains from profits (or tacking back the losses).
For Q3, Tesla recorded net income of $1.372 billion. That represents a fall of 37% from the same three-month span last year. Subtracting the after-tax contribution from regulatory credits of roughly $300 million, and adding back a $62 million loss on digital holdings unrelated to how Tesla's businesses are faring, I get sustainable net profits of $1.134 billion ($1.372 billion minus a $238 million net reduction from these non-core items).
Add that figure to the adjusted earnings for the past three quarters, and you get a total core reading of $3.6 billion over the past 12 months. That's about half of what archetypal metal-bender General Motors garnered in the same span.
So what's Tesla "worth" today, based on the money it's actually making (as opposed to the wonders its CEO keeps promising)? If we award a PE of 30, equal to the S&P 500 average---which is highly inflated, by the way, by the share prices of the Mag 7 including Tesla---we get "fair value" of $108 billion (the 30 multiple times $3.6 billion in earnings). But investors are wagering that the automaker is worth $1.46 trillion. The difference, the value that rests on Musk's ever-shifting pledges on what's to come, amounts to the Musk Magic Premium: in this case, $1.35 trillion. Put another way: The promise of gauzy visions that keep receding like a mirage in the desert accounts for 90% of Tesla's market cap.
How fast must Tesla's earnings expand to grow into the Musk Magic Premium?
At $1.46 trillion, Tesla is selling at 405 times repeatable earnings. Now let's examine the heights the stock must hit to notch even a modest, 10% annual return over the next seven years. To get there, Tesla's valuation would need to double to $2.9 trillion.
Producing enough profits to justify that giant market cap would require Musk to set a journey of fast-expanding profitability and breakneck growth, and investors along for the ride would be braving a chamber of horrors. We'll be generous and imagine that by late 2032, Tesla will sport the same rich PE of 30. In that scenario, by then the company would need to produce $97 billion a year in earnings. That's approximately what both Microsoft and Apple register today, and their current profits tower among the biggest in the annals of capitalism.
Zooming from today's $3.6 billion run rate to $97 billion means Musk would need to grow profits by 60% a year, every year, through 2032. In the final 12 months alone, he'd have to add tens of billions in extra earnings.
Of course, Musk has worked miracles in the past. But this Halloween, chasing away the ghouls haunting Tesla looks like a miracle too far.
