首页 / 财富中文网 / 正文

美国政府债务正在向美国学生贷债务看齐

财富中文网 2025-07-16 22:31:46

美国政府债务正在向美国学生贷债务看齐
贾里德・伯恩斯坦于12月10日在白宫新闻发布会上讲话。图片来源:Tom Brenner—Getty Images

• 曾担任乔・拜登总统经济顾问委员会主席的贾里德・伯恩斯坦在美国债务问题上的态度发生了转变。这位长期的 “鸽派”人物投入了“鹰派”阵营,“因为美国的预算问题实在是越来越糟糕”,并提到了特朗普总统的关税政策和减税措施。

曾担任乔・拜登总统经济顾问委员会主席的贾里德・伯恩斯坦表示,如果美国继续沿着当前的轨迹发展,可能引发债务危机,当前的预算问题开始向学生贷的方向发展,变得难以为继。

在上周三《纽约时报》的一篇专栏文章中,他承认自己在预算赤字问题上长期持 “鸽派”立场,而且此前认为财政紧缩政策往往弊大于利。

伯恩斯坦写道:“现在情况不同了。与很多长期持‘鸽派’立场的人一样,我加入了‘鹰派’阵营,因为美国的预算问题实在是越来越糟糕。”

他重点提到了经济增长与债务利息之间的关系。伯恩斯坦引用经济学家奥利维尔・布兰查德的研究解释说,如果GDP的增速高于债务利率,政府就能够维持预算赤字。

类似于上面提及的学生贷,只要大学毕业生的借贷额度不算太大,且其收入增速高于贷款债务的增速,那么就能按时支付月供。

伯恩斯坦说:“相反,如果过度借贷,且其贷款债务的增速开始超过其收入增速,他们很快就会陷入困境,而这正是美国目前的状况。”

当前,学生贷借款人的违约率飙升,导致其工资被没收,信用评分暴跌。这并不是一个好预兆。

布鲁金斯学会(Brookings Institution)的数据显示,2000年至2020年间,美国背负联邦学生贷款债务的国民数量从2100万增至4500万,增长了一倍多。在此期间,总欠款额从3870亿美元增至1.8万亿美元,增长了三倍多,超过了各类家庭债务。

就联邦政府的财政状况而言,过去美国的债务成本对收入的消耗并不算重。自21世纪初以来,通胀调整后的10年期美国国债收益率一直低于同期10年经济增长预期。

然而最近情况发生了变化,两者目前交汇在略高于2%的区间,部分原因在于疫情期间的政府支出以及更高的通胀迫使美联储大幅加息,继而推高了国债收益率。

伯恩斯坦说:“这可能会改变债务的可持续性。”

不过,对于拜登政府大规模支出导致的数万亿美元的债务增量以及通胀的高企,他是只字未提。

相反,他提到了特朗普总统的经济政策,也就是他所发起的贸易战以及签署生效的 “大而美”法案。

他补充说,高关税会拉低经济增速,同时推高通胀和利率。与此同时,减税会增加债务,而且可能会提高偿还债务的利息成本。

为帮助避免因债务危机而导致政府突然削减开支或增税,伯恩斯坦建议国会预先确定“警戒线”以及强制性的财政应对措施。

美国在债务利息上的支出已经超过了在医疗保险和国防上的支出。美国两党政策智库“负责任联邦预算委员会”(Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget)称,明年债务利息支出将达到1万亿美元,成为政府最大的支出项目,仅次于社会保障。

与此同时,特朗普的减税和支出政策预计在未来几年将带来数万亿美元的赤字增量,而债务与GDP的比率很快将创下二战后的新高。

高盛(Goldman Sachs)在上个月的一份报告中表示:“不过这条道路仍然没有可持续性可言:当前的基本赤字比经济强劲时期的正常水平高得多,而债务与GDP的比率正接近战后最高点。同时,受更高实际利率的影响,债务和利息支出占GDP比例的轨迹将比上一个周期可能出现的轨迹更为陡峭。”(*)

译者:冯丰

审校:夏林

• 曾担任乔・拜登总统经济顾问委员会主席的贾里德・伯恩斯坦在美国债务问题上的态度发生了转变。这位长期的 “鸽派”人物投入了“鹰派”阵营,“因为美国的预算问题实在是越来越糟糕”,并提到了特朗普总统的关税政策和减税措施。

曾担任乔・拜登总统经济顾问委员会主席的贾里德・伯恩斯坦表示,如果美国继续沿着当前的轨迹发展,可能引发债务危机,当前的预算问题开始向学生贷的方向发展,变得难以为继。

在上周三《纽约时报》的一篇专栏文章中,他承认自己在预算赤字问题上长期持 “鸽派”立场,而且此前认为财政紧缩政策往往弊大于利。

伯恩斯坦写道:“现在情况不同了。与很多长期持‘鸽派’立场的人一样,我加入了‘鹰派’阵营,因为美国的预算问题实在是越来越糟糕。”

他重点提到了经济增长与债务利息之间的关系。伯恩斯坦引用经济学家奥利维尔・布兰查德的研究解释说,如果GDP的增速高于债务利率,政府就能够维持预算赤字。

类似于上面提及的学生贷,只要大学毕业生的借贷额度不算太大,且其收入增速高于贷款债务的增速,那么就能按时支付月供。

伯恩斯坦说:“相反,如果过度借贷,且其贷款债务的增速开始超过其收入增速,他们很快就会陷入困境,而这正是美国目前的状况。”

当前,学生贷借款人的违约率飙升,导致其工资被没收,信用评分暴跌。这并不是一个好预兆。

布鲁金斯学会(Brookings Institution)的数据显示,2000年至2020年间,美国背负联邦学生贷款债务的国民数量从2100万增至4500万,增长了一倍多。在此期间,总欠款额从3870亿美元增至1.8万亿美元,增长了三倍多,超过了各类家庭债务。

就联邦政府的财政状况而言,过去美国的债务成本对收入的消耗并不算重。自21世纪初以来,通胀调整后的10年期美国国债收益率一直低于同期10年经济增长预期。

然而最近情况发生了变化,两者目前交汇在略高于2%的区间,部分原因在于疫情期间的政府支出以及更高的通胀迫使美联储大幅加息,继而推高了国债收益率。

伯恩斯坦说:“这可能会改变债务的可持续性。”

不过,对于拜登政府大规模支出导致的数万亿美元的债务增量以及通胀的高企,他是只字未提。

相反,他提到了特朗普总统的经济政策,也就是他所发起的贸易战以及签署生效的 “大而美”法案。

他补充说,高关税会拉低经济增速,同时推高通胀和利率。与此同时,减税会增加债务,而且可能会提高偿还债务的利息成本。

为帮助避免因债务危机而导致政府突然削减开支或增税,伯恩斯坦建议国会预先确定“警戒线”以及强制性的财政应对措施。

美国在债务利息上的支出已经超过了在医疗保险和国防上的支出。美国两党政策智库“负责任联邦预算委员会”(Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget)称,明年债务利息支出将达到1万亿美元,成为政府最大的支出项目,仅次于社会保障。

与此同时,特朗普的减税和支出政策预计在未来几年将带来数万亿美元的赤字增量,而债务与GDP的比率很快将创下二战后的新高。

高盛(Goldman Sachs)在上个月的一份报告中表示:“不过这条道路仍然没有可持续性可言:当前的基本赤字比经济强劲时期的正常水平高得多,而债务与GDP的比率正接近战后最高点。同时,受更高实际利率的影响,债务和利息支出占GDP比例的轨迹将比上一个周期可能出现的轨迹更为陡峭。”(*)

译者:冯丰

审校:夏林

• Jared Bernstein, who previously served as the chair of President Joe Biden’s Council of Economic Advisers, has had a change of heart when it comes to U.S. debt. After being a longtime dove, he has become a hawk “because our nation’s budget math just got a lot more dangerous.” He cited President Donald Trump’s tariffs and tax cuts.

The U.S. is inviting a debt shock if it continues on its current trajectory, which is starting to look like unsustainable student loans, according to Jared Bernstein, who previously served as the chair of President Joe Biden’s Council of Economic Advisers.

In a New York Times op-ed on Wednesday, he acknowledged that he was once a longtime dove when it came to budget deficits and previously argued that fiscal austerity often does more harm than good.

“No longer. I, like many other longtime doves, am joining the hawks, because our nation’s budget math just got a lot more dangerous,” Bernstein wrote.

In particular, he pointed to the math around economic growth versus debt interest. Governments can sustain budget deficits if GDP expands faster than the interest rate on their debt, Bernstein explained, citing research from economist Olivier Blanchard.

That’s where the student debt analogy comes in. College graduates can keep up with monthly payments as long as they haven’t borrowed too much and their income is rising faster than their loan bills.

“Conversely, though, if they borrowed to the hilt—and if their student loan debt starts growing faster than their income—they can quickly get in trouble,” Bernstein said. “And that’s where our country is right now.”

It’s an ominous warning given that delinquency rates have soared among student loan borrowers, resulting in seized wages and credit scores plummeting.

That’s after the number of Americans with debt from federal student loans more than doubled from 21 million to 45 million between 2000 and 2020, according to the Brookings Institution. Meanwhile, the total amount owed more than quadrupled from $387 billion to $1.8 trillion during that time, growing faster than any other form of household debt.

When it comes to the federal government’s finances, America’s debt costs relative to income used to be more benign. Since the early 2000s, the inflation-adjusted yield on 10-year Treasuries was below the running 10-year forecast for economic growth.

But that changed recently, with the two now converging at just above 2%, due in part to government spending during the pandemic and higher inflation—which forced the Federal Reserve to hike interest rates aggressively, dragging yields higher.

“That’s a potential game changer for debt sustainability,” Bernstein said.

He didn’t mention that the Biden administration added trillions to the debt with expansive spending that also stoked inflation.

Instead, he pointed to President Donald Trump’s economic policies, namely his trade war and the tax-and-spending bill that he signed into law last week.

High tariff rates will lower economic growth while boosting inflation and interest rates. At the same time, tax cuts will increase debt and likely to raise the interest costs for servicing it, he added.

To help avoid a debt shock that forces the government to precipitously slash spending or raise taxes, Bernstein suggested Congress pre-determine “break-glass moments” and binding fiscal responses.

The U.S. already pays more in interest on its debt than it spends on Medicare and defense. Those interest payments will hit $1 trillion next year, trailing only Social Security as the government’s biggest outlay, according to the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, a think tank.

Meanwhile, Trump’s tax cuts and spending are expected to add trillions to the deficit in the coming years, with the total debt-to-GDP ratio surpassing the post-Word War II record soon.

“But that path remains unsustainable: The primary deficit is much larger than usual in a strong economy, the debt-to-GDP ratio is approaching the postwar high, and much higher real interest rates have put the debt and interest expense as a share of GDP on much steeper trajectories than appeared likely last cycle,” Goldman Sachs said in a note last month.

*