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宝马押注氢能交通,2028年推出首款量产车

财富中文网 2025-07-30 02:02:31

宝马押注氢能交通,2028年推出首款量产车
宝马iX5氢燃料电池汽车。图片来源:BMW

氢燃料电池汽车(FCEV)几乎与当前这波纯电动汽车(BEV)同时进入市场。但相比之下,其销量却微不足道。2024年,全球仅登记了12,866辆氢燃料电池汽车,而纯电动汽车的登记量高达1,080万辆。尽管如此,一些制造商仍希望氢能在交通领域发挥作用。

宝马(BMW)便是其中之一。该公司最近宣布,将在2028年将旗下首款氢燃料电池汽车投入量产。在近期一场推广氢燃料电池汽车的峰会上,《财富》杂志采访了宝马集团氢能技术及车辆项目总经理尤尔根·古尔德纳,以及其他氢能倡导者。

丰田(Toyota)凭借2014年推出的Mirai,在氢燃料电池汽车销量方面持续领先,但它并非唯一的市场参与者。现代(Hyundai)自2018年起销售Nexo车型;本田(Honda)在2008年至2021年间曾以Clarity品牌推出过多款车型,于2024年推出了其CR-V e:FCEV插电式混合动力氢能车。宝马则更为谨慎。自2023年起,该公司一直在小批量试产基于X5的氢燃料电池车。iX5 Hydrogen已是一款性能可靠的车型,驾驶平稳,内饰则沿用了大家熟悉的X5风格。然而,这未必会是宝马将在2028年推出的量产车型。

古尔德纳表示:“好消息是,氢能汽车本质上也是电动汽车。它只是与电动车的储能方式有所不同。这意味着我们可以重复使用很多纯电动汽车的部件,比如电动机。同时,它还具有独特的价值主张。氢能汽车可谓两全其美:既拥有加速快、静音驾驶、零排放等电动驾驶的所有优势,又能在3到4分钟内加满氢气,满格续航,即刻出发。”

氢能基础设施的困境

从理论上来看,氢能的这一优势似乎颇具吸引力,但现实情况是,加氢站并未像纯电动汽车充电桩那样普及。事实上,在许多国家,其数量甚至出现了倒退。在英国,2019年曾有高达15座加氢站,而到了2025年的今天仅剩4座,其中两座可能已停用。相比之下,根据Zap-Map的数据,2025年5月英国有39,733个公共充电点,充电设备总数达80,998台,充电接口共115,241个。德国的加氢服务相对完善,但西班牙、葡萄牙和意大利等一些欧洲国家则根本没有加氢站。

一些氢能支持者认为,如果目标是实现道路交通脱碳,忽视氢能基础设施是个战略错误。

英国汽车制造商和贸易商协会(Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders)技术与创新主管大卫·黄表示:“氢燃料电池汽车与纯电动汽车是互补关系,并且朝着一个共同的方向发展。如果同时投资充电基础设施和氢燃料电池加氢基础设施,总体成本反而更低。我们以德国为例进行了建模分析。结果显示,如果在汽车保有量中,电动汽车占比90%,氢燃料电池汽车占比10%,那么投资基础设施的总成本,比全部建设公共充电点的方案要低400亿美元。”

此外,人们还担忧纯电动汽车制造过程中的资源消耗。古尔德纳指出,电池需要大量原材料,这可能会导致资源短缺。

他解释称:“发展第二种技术,不把所有鸡蛋放在一个篮子里,能增强韧性。宝马拥有两种技术胜过仅掌握一种技术。我们收到大量用户反馈,他们表示纯电动汽车不适合他们。我们正为那些无法或不愿使用纯电动汽车的人考虑——他们或许家中无法充电,或者经常在路上行驶,即使充电时间能缩短至20分钟左右,也不愿依赖充电站停车充电。还有拖挂行驶和寒冷天气等问题。在燃料电池汽车中,可以利用余热,续航里程不会因此打折扣。”

但这依然未能解决如何大规模建设基础设施以支持氢能发展的难题。一套商用直流充电桩的成本可能达5万美元,家用充电桩成本约1,000美元,甚至用一根200美元的普通慢充线缆也能充电。

而一座加氢站的建设成本更高,在150万至200万美元之间,甚至有人估计高达400万美元。至少在英国,解决方案是首先在长途商用运输领域进行建设,并以此为基础逐步扩展。HyHAUL项目正是为实现这一目标而设立。

HyHAUL联合创始方Protium Green Solutions公司的CEO兼创始人克里斯·杰克逊表示:“氢能最大的挑战在于,它在大规模应用时表现优异,但在小规模应用时则不尽如人意。一座加氢站需要数百辆乘用车使用才能实现经济可行性,但只需要很少的卡车就能做到。我们初步计划建设三座大型加氢站,只需要30辆氢燃料电池卡车就能启动项目。第一阶段将沿M4高速公路走廊布局,覆盖从威尔士一直到伦敦周边的M25高速公路。未来,我们计划拓展至其他交通网络,沿M5和M6高速公路延伸。”

然而,要让消费者接受氢燃料电池汽车,则需要在全英范围内实现半小时车程内必有加氢站,这大约需要1,300座加氢站。特斯拉(Tesla)之所以能如此有效地引领纯电动汽车革命,原因之一在于其双管齐下的策略:在推出汽车的同时,建设配套充电设施。

传统上,开发氢燃料电池汽车的汽车制造商将基础设施建设交由第三方负责,这导致了“先有鸡还是先有蛋”的困境。一方面消费者在等加氢站普及,而基础设施投资方则在等车辆保有量提升。这意味着,当纯电动汽车已在英国、欧盟和中国等许多市场达到临界点时,氢燃料电池汽车仍在等待时机。

燃料电池能否普及?

这并未阻止丰田持续深耕氢燃料电池汽车领域。丰田英国公司氢能转型高级经理乔恩·亨特表示:“我们的职责是为客户提供选择。我们不能让人们忽视这些技术,它们的存在是为了促进我们的共同学习和发展。”

商用车或许能帮助氢燃料电池汽车突破临界点。在巴黎,自2015年起,Hype公司运营着约1,000辆氢燃料电池出租车,其中大部分是丰田Mirai。因此,巴黎已建成6座加氢站,另有3座在建。这为巴黎的消费者接纳氢燃料电池汽车奠定了基础。然而,巴黎以外地区尚无配套基础设施,阻碍了超出城市范围的远途出行。Hype公司最近也表示正从氢燃料电池汽车转向纯电动汽车。

尽管距离全面上市还有三年时间,宝马仍押下重注,期望到2028年,基础设施将得到充分改善,足以让氢能成为消费者的可行选择。

古尔德纳指出,宝马尚未决定在哪些国家推出这款车,这将取决于当地的基础设施状况。

他表示:“目前英国显然还不具备条件。但希望在未来几年内,建设进度能加快。”

将于2028年投产的具体车型也尚未公布。虽然价格也未公开,但古尔德纳表示,宝马希望其价格能与纯电动汽车持平。他提到了在电池和太阳能电池等其他技术领域,此前曾有过成本大幅下降的先例。

然而,要实现这些成本削减,必须有足够多的氢燃料电池汽车需求,从而形成足够的规模效应。

他表示:“每次看到报纸上的调查结果都会让我感到惊讶,居然有那么多人表示更愿意选择氢能汽车而非纯电动车。显然,市场需求确实存在。”

问题在于这些调查结果能否转化为实际销量。到2028年,当宝马推出其量产氢燃料电池汽车时,答案或将揭晓。(*)

译者:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

氢燃料电池汽车(FCEV)几乎与当前这波纯电动汽车(BEV)同时进入市场。但相比之下,其销量却微不足道。2024年,全球仅登记了12,866辆氢燃料电池汽车,而纯电动汽车的登记量高达1,080万辆。尽管如此,一些制造商仍希望氢能在交通领域发挥作用。

宝马(BMW)便是其中之一。该公司最近宣布,将在2028年将旗下首款氢燃料电池汽车投入量产。在近期一场推广氢燃料电池汽车的峰会上,《财富》杂志采访了宝马集团氢能技术及车辆项目总经理尤尔根·古尔德纳,以及其他氢能倡导者。

丰田(Toyota)凭借2014年推出的Mirai,在氢燃料电池汽车销量方面持续领先,但它并非唯一的市场参与者。现代(Hyundai)自2018年起销售Nexo车型;本田(Honda)在2008年至2021年间曾以Clarity品牌推出过多款车型,于2024年推出了其CR-V e:FCEV插电式混合动力氢能车。宝马则更为谨慎。自2023年起,该公司一直在小批量试产基于X5的氢燃料电池车。iX5 Hydrogen已是一款性能可靠的车型,驾驶平稳,内饰则沿用了大家熟悉的X5风格。然而,这未必会是宝马将在2028年推出的量产车型。

古尔德纳表示:“好消息是,氢能汽车本质上也是电动汽车。它只是与电动车的储能方式有所不同。这意味着我们可以重复使用很多纯电动汽车的部件,比如电动机。同时,它还具有独特的价值主张。氢能汽车可谓两全其美:既拥有加速快、静音驾驶、零排放等电动驾驶的所有优势,又能在3到4分钟内加满氢气,满格续航,即刻出发。”

氢能基础设施的困境

从理论上来看,氢能的这一优势似乎颇具吸引力,但现实情况是,加氢站并未像纯电动汽车充电桩那样普及。事实上,在许多国家,其数量甚至出现了倒退。在英国,2019年曾有高达15座加氢站,而到了2025年的今天仅剩4座,其中两座可能已停用。相比之下,根据Zap-Map的数据,2025年5月英国有39,733个公共充电点,充电设备总数达80,998台,充电接口共115,241个。德国的加氢服务相对完善,但西班牙、葡萄牙和意大利等一些欧洲国家则根本没有加氢站。

一些氢能支持者认为,如果目标是实现道路交通脱碳,忽视氢能基础设施是个战略错误。

英国汽车制造商和贸易商协会(Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders)技术与创新主管大卫·黄表示:“氢燃料电池汽车与纯电动汽车是互补关系,并且朝着一个共同的方向发展。如果同时投资充电基础设施和氢燃料电池加氢基础设施,总体成本反而更低。我们以德国为例进行了建模分析。结果显示,如果在汽车保有量中,电动汽车占比90%,氢燃料电池汽车占比10%,那么投资基础设施的总成本,比全部建设公共充电点的方案要低400亿美元。”

此外,人们还担忧纯电动汽车制造过程中的资源消耗。古尔德纳指出,电池需要大量原材料,这可能会导致资源短缺。

他解释称:“发展第二种技术,不把所有鸡蛋放在一个篮子里,能增强韧性。宝马拥有两种技术胜过仅掌握一种技术。我们收到大量用户反馈,他们表示纯电动汽车不适合他们。我们正为那些无法或不愿使用纯电动汽车的人考虑——他们或许家中无法充电,或者经常在路上行驶,即使充电时间能缩短至20分钟左右,也不愿依赖充电站停车充电。还有拖挂行驶和寒冷天气等问题。在燃料电池汽车中,可以利用余热,续航里程不会因此打折扣。”

但这依然未能解决如何大规模建设基础设施以支持氢能发展的难题。一套商用直流充电桩的成本可能达5万美元,家用充电桩成本约1,000美元,甚至用一根200美元的普通慢充线缆也能充电。

而一座加氢站的建设成本更高,在150万至200万美元之间,甚至有人估计高达400万美元。至少在英国,解决方案是首先在长途商用运输领域进行建设,并以此为基础逐步扩展。HyHAUL项目正是为实现这一目标而设立。

HyHAUL联合创始方Protium Green Solutions公司的CEO兼创始人克里斯·杰克逊表示:“氢能最大的挑战在于,它在大规模应用时表现优异,但在小规模应用时则不尽如人意。一座加氢站需要数百辆乘用车使用才能实现经济可行性,但只需要很少的卡车就能做到。我们初步计划建设三座大型加氢站,只需要30辆氢燃料电池卡车就能启动项目。第一阶段将沿M4高速公路走廊布局,覆盖从威尔士一直到伦敦周边的M25高速公路。未来,我们计划拓展至其他交通网络,沿M5和M6高速公路延伸。”

然而,要让消费者接受氢燃料电池汽车,则需要在全英范围内实现半小时车程内必有加氢站,这大约需要1,300座加氢站。特斯拉(Tesla)之所以能如此有效地引领纯电动汽车革命,原因之一在于其双管齐下的策略:在推出汽车的同时,建设配套充电设施。

传统上,开发氢燃料电池汽车的汽车制造商将基础设施建设交由第三方负责,这导致了“先有鸡还是先有蛋”的困境。一方面消费者在等加氢站普及,而基础设施投资方则在等车辆保有量提升。这意味着,当纯电动汽车已在英国、欧盟和中国等许多市场达到临界点时,氢燃料电池汽车仍在等待时机。

燃料电池能否普及?

这并未阻止丰田持续深耕氢燃料电池汽车领域。丰田英国公司氢能转型高级经理乔恩·亨特表示:“我们的职责是为客户提供选择。我们不能让人们忽视这些技术,它们的存在是为了促进我们的共同学习和发展。”

商用车或许能帮助氢燃料电池汽车突破临界点。在巴黎,自2015年起,Hype公司运营着约1,000辆氢燃料电池出租车,其中大部分是丰田Mirai。因此,巴黎已建成6座加氢站,另有3座在建。这为巴黎的消费者接纳氢燃料电池汽车奠定了基础。然而,巴黎以外地区尚无配套基础设施,阻碍了超出城市范围的远途出行。Hype公司最近也表示正从氢燃料电池汽车转向纯电动汽车。

尽管距离全面上市还有三年时间,宝马仍押下重注,期望到2028年,基础设施将得到充分改善,足以让氢能成为消费者的可行选择。

古尔德纳指出,宝马尚未决定在哪些国家推出这款车,这将取决于当地的基础设施状况。

他表示:“目前英国显然还不具备条件。但希望在未来几年内,建设进度能加快。”

将于2028年投产的具体车型也尚未公布。虽然价格也未公开,但古尔德纳表示,宝马希望其价格能与纯电动汽车持平。他提到了在电池和太阳能电池等其他技术领域,此前曾有过成本大幅下降的先例。

然而,要实现这些成本削减,必须有足够多的氢燃料电池汽车需求,从而形成足够的规模效应。

他表示:“每次看到报纸上的调查结果都会让我感到惊讶,居然有那么多人表示更愿意选择氢能汽车而非纯电动车。显然,市场需求确实存在。”

问题在于这些调查结果能否转化为实际销量。到2028年,当宝马推出其量产氢燃料电池汽车时,答案或将揭晓。(*)

译者:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

Hydrogen fuel cell cars (FCEVs) have been on the market for a similar duration to the current wave of battery EVs (BEVs). But they have sold a tiny fraction in comparison. In 2024, 12,866 FCEVs were registered globally, versus 10.8 million BEVs. Still, some manufacturers have hopes that hydrogen has a role to play in transport.

One of these is BMW, which recently announced it would be bringing its first FCEV into series production in 2028. Fortune caught up with BMW Group’s General Project Manager Hydrogen Technology and Vehicle Projects, Jürgen Guldner, at a recent summit promoting FCEVs, among other hydrogen evangelists.

Toyota has been the leading seller of FCEVs with the Mirai launched in 2014, but it isn’t the only player. Hyundai has been selling its Nexo since 2018, and Honda, after offering various cars under the Clarity name from 2008 to 2021, brought its CR-V e:FCEV plug-in hybrid hydrogen car to market in 2024. BMW has been more cautious. The company has been trialling FCEVs with a pilot run of vehicles based on X5 since 2023. The iX5 Hydrogen is already a credible vehicle, with smooth driving and a familiar X5 interior. However, this won’t necessarily be the vehicle that BMW will launch in 2028.

“The good news is a hydrogen vehicle is an electric vehicle,” says Guldner. “It’s just a different way of storing the energy versus a battery, which also means that we can reuse a lot of the components like the electric motors in the car from our BEVs. It also has a unique value proposition. It’s the best of both worlds, with all the benefits of electric driving—acceleration, silent driving, zero emission—but you can refuel in 3 to 4 minutes and you’re 100% full and ready to go again.”

The problem of hydrogen infrastructure

This has always seemed like a compelling argument for hydrogen on paper, but the reality has been that hydrogen refueling hasn’t proliferated like BEV charging stations. In fact, it has gone backwards in many countries. In the UK, in 2019 there were as many as 15 hydrogen fuel stations, whereas today in 2025 only four were listed, with two potentially not in service. By contrast, according to Zap-Map, there were 39,733 public charging locations in the UK in May 2025, with 80,998 devices and 115,241 connectors. Germany is better served for hydrogen refueling, but some European countries have no stations at all, such as Spain, Portugal and Italy.

Some hydrogen proponents argue that this is a strategic mistake if your goal is to decarbonize road transport.

“FCEVs are complementary to battery electric vehicles and heading towards one common direction,” says David Wong, head of technology and innovation at the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders. “If you invest in both charging infrastructure and the fuel cell hydrogen refilling infrastructure, the overall cost is lower. We’ve done modelling where they use Germany as an example. It shows that if we have a motor park penetration of 90% BEVs and 10% FCEVs, the overall cost of investing in infrastructure is $40 billion lower than the scenario where 100% of infrastructure is public charge points.”

There is also concern about resource usage when manufacturing BEVs. Guldner points out batteries requires a lot of raw materials, which could lead to scarcity.

“Having a second technology, not putting all eggs in one basket, provides resilience,” he explains. “BMW having two technologies is better than one. We got a lot of feedback from people saying BEVs don’t work for them. We’re thinking about those people who can’t or don’t want to use battery electric cars because maybe they don’t have electric charging at home, or are on the road a lot and don’t want to depend on charging stops, even if you can get them down to maybe 20 minutes. We have issues like towing and cold weather conditions. In the fuel cell you can use excess heat, so you don’t lose any range.”

This still leaves the problem with how you ramp up the infrastructure to support hydrogen. A commercial DC charger might be $50,000, a home charger can cost $1,000, or you can even use a very slow $200 mains plug cable.

But the price for a hydrogen station is much greater—between $1.5 and $2 million, although some estimate as much as $4 million. The solution, at least in the UK, is to target the long-haul commercial sector first and build out from that. HyHAUL is a project aiming to achieve that.

“The biggest challenge with hydrogen is the fact that it works very well at large scale, but not so good at small scale,” says Chris Jackson, CEO and founder of Protium Green Solutions, which co-founded HyHAUL. “One single hydrogen fueling station requires hundreds of passenger cars to make the economics work, but only a very small number of trucks. We are initially developing three major refueling stations and all we need to get the project off the ground is 30 fuel cell trucks. The first stage will be along the M4 corridor. We’ll be covering from Wales all the way into the M25 around London. Over time, we plan to expand across other networks, going up the M5 and M6.”

For consumer adoption of FCEVs, however, it would be necessary to cover the UK completely within half an hour driving distance, which would require about 1,300 stations. One of the reasons why Tesla was able to kickstart the BEV revolution so effectively was its two-pronged approach of building the supportive charging infrastructure to go with its cars.

Automakers developing FCEVs have traditionally left this to third parties, leading to a chicken-and-egg situation where car adoption awaited infrastructure, and vice versa. This has meant that as BEVs have reached a tipping point in many markets, including the UK, EU and China, while FCEVs wait in the wings.

Can fuel cells prevail?

This hasn’t prevented Toyota from persevering with FCEVs. “Our role is to provide customers with choice,” says Jon Hunt, senior manager, Hydrogen Transformation, Toyota GB. “We can’t have people dismissing technologies that are there to enable us all to learn and develop.”

Commercial vehicles could help FCEVs reach that tipping point. In Paris, around 1,000 FCEV taxis have been operated by Hype since 2015, the majority of which are Toyota Mirais. For this reason, Paris has six hydrogen fuel stops with three more being built. This could lay the groundwork for consumers to adopt FCEVs in the city. However, outside Paris there is no supportive infrastructure yet, preventing long journeys beyond the urban limits. Hype has also recently said it is pivoting away from FCEVs to BEVs.

Even with full launch still three years away, BMW is placing a heavy bet on infrastructure having improved sufficiently for hydrogen to be a viable choice for consumers by 2028.

Guldner notes BMW hasn’t yet decided which countries it will bring those vehicles to market, adding that it will depend on the infrastructure.

“Right now, it’s simply not here in the UK. But hopefully in the next few years, development will pick up,” he says.

The exact model that will go into production in 2028 also hasn’t been announced. And while a price hasn’t been unveiled either, BMW is hoping for parity with BEVs, Guldner says, pointing to previous dramatic cost reductions in other technologies like batteries and solar cells.

For these cost reductions to materialize, though, there has to be enough demand for FCEVs to deliver sufficient scale.

“I am always surprised by surveys in newspapers where so many people say they would prefer a hydrogen vehicle over battery power,” he says. “There seems to be demand there.”

The question will be whether these survey responses translate into vehicle sales. In 2028, when BMW launches its production FCEV, we could find out.

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