美国人口普查局近日公布的数据显示,去年美国普通家庭收入几乎陷入停滞,基本维持在2019年的峰值水平,这生动揭示了疫情期间通胀飙升对美国家庭财务状况的冲击。
报告还显示,经通胀调整后,高收入家庭收入实现可观增长,而中低收入家庭几乎未见提升。
人口普查局称,2024年经通胀调整后的美国家庭收入中位数为83730美元,较上年的82690美元增长了1.3%。中位数指收入处于最高与最低家庭之间的中间值,有助于排除极高和极低收入对平均值的干扰。
该数据揭示了疫情以来,即便失业率维持在历史低位,众多美国人仍对经济状况心怀不满的原因:报告表明,当前家庭收入中位数和五年前基本持平。人口普查局官员指出,2019年美国家庭收入中位数为83260美元,2024年的数值虽略高,但仍处于统计误差范围内,因此与五年前相比几乎没有变化。
这与此前五年(2014—2019年)形成鲜明对比——据人口普查数据,当时家庭收入中位数增长近21%。
美国海军联邦信贷联盟(Navy Federal Credit Union)首席经济学家希瑟·朗(Heather Long)表示:“美国中产阶级感到沮丧不难理解。2025年,僵化的就业市场、关税政策以及医疗补助计划削减,都将给中低收入家庭带来更大压力。”
收入最高的10%家庭收入增长4.2%至25.1万美元,而收入最低的10%家庭收入仅增长2.2%至1.99万美元。美国人口普查局对家庭的界定涵盖家庭单位、独居者或与非亲属共同居住者。
人口普查局统计的收入涵盖所有现金收入来源,包括工资、投资收益,以及社会保障金、失业保险等政府项目补贴。但未计入非现金福利(如食品援助,以前称为“食品券”)、税收抵免,也未计入2020年特朗普政府首届任期及2021年拜登政府时期发放的大规模经济刺激资金——这些资金曾显著改善美国民众财务状况。
2021年至2022年期间,美国经济从疫情中复苏,企业迫切需要招聘并留住员工,因此多数美国人的薪资实现了可观增长。但与此同时,物价也大幅上涨,导致2019年后美国家庭总收入连续三年下降,直至2023年才实现四年来的首次增长。
2021年至2022年,美国遭遇四十年来最严重的通胀,这使得多数美国人对经济状况深感失望:疫情后雇主因迫切招工而带来的显著薪资涨幅被通胀侵蚀,这也成为副总统卡玛拉·哈里斯(Kamala Harris)在去年大选中失利的原因之一。以消费者价格指数(CPI)衡量,2024年美国年均通胀率降至2.9%,较两年前8%的年均水平大幅下降。
不同人口群体的收入情况也存在差异:亚裔和拉美裔家庭收入实现稳健增长。经通胀调整后,亚裔家庭收入中位数增长5.1%,达到121700美元;拉美裔家庭收入中位数增长5.5%,达到70950美元。白人家庭收入几乎未见增长,去年为92530美元;黑人家庭收入则下降3.3%,降至56020美元。
女性收入几乎未见增长,而男性收入则增长了3.7%——在历经二十年的差距不断收窄之后,性别工资差距已连续两年扩大。目前,女性平均收入仅为男性的80.9%,低于2023年的82.7%。
美国人口普查局部门副主任莉安娜·福克斯(Liana Fox)表示,女性收入相对于男性出现下降,可能反映了疫情后招聘热潮消退后就业市场的降温趋势。2023年美国失业率曾降至3.4%这一半个世纪以来的低点,但到去年年底已回升至4.1%。福克斯指出,去年的男女薪酬差距已回落至疫情前水平。
密歇根大学贫困解决方案项目数据分析主任阿曼达·诺特哈夫特(Amanda Nothaft)表示,该比例的下降也可能与部分高收入女性退出劳动力市场有关。疫情后,女性劳动参与率(即处于就业状态或正在求职的女性所占比例)曾攀升至历史新高,但此后逐渐回落,部分原因在于企业“返岗办公”的强制规定降低了工作场所的灵活性。
人口普查局的报告还包含贫困数据:2024年美国贫困率从2023年的11%小幅降至10.6%。该局将四口之家的贫困线界定为年收入低于3.1万美元。
此外,人口普查局还追踪一项“补充贫困指标”(该指标包含食品援助等非现金福利),数据显示去年这一指标保持不变,仍为12.9%。
法律与社会政策中心总裁兼执行董事温迪·春-胡恩(Wendy Chun-Hoon,曾在拜登政府时期担任劳工部妇女事务局局长)表示,拜登政府儿童税收抵免政策到期,加之托儿补贴等援助措施终止,导致减贫工作难度加大,对非裔美国家庭的影响尤为显著。
“政策至关重要,”春-胡恩强调,“除非推行更具持久性的改革举措,否则所有进展都不过是昙花一现。”
美国企业研究所机会与社会流动中心副主任凯文·科林斯(Kevin Corinth)指出,报告中也存在一些积极信号。他提到,已婚夫妇家庭收入中位数增长5%,达到12.87万美元;仅拥有高中学历的劳动者收入也实现了增长。(*)
译者:中慧言-王芳
美国人口普查局近日公布的数据显示,去年美国普通家庭收入几乎陷入停滞,基本维持在2019年的峰值水平,这生动揭示了疫情期间通胀飙升对美国家庭财务状况的冲击。
报告还显示,经通胀调整后,高收入家庭收入实现可观增长,而中低收入家庭几乎未见提升。
人口普查局称,2024年经通胀调整后的美国家庭收入中位数为83730美元,较上年的82690美元增长了1.3%。中位数指收入处于最高与最低家庭之间的中间值,有助于排除极高和极低收入对平均值的干扰。
该数据揭示了疫情以来,即便失业率维持在历史低位,众多美国人仍对经济状况心怀不满的原因:报告表明,当前家庭收入中位数和五年前基本持平。人口普查局官员指出,2019年美国家庭收入中位数为83260美元,2024年的数值虽略高,但仍处于统计误差范围内,因此与五年前相比几乎没有变化。
这与此前五年(2014—2019年)形成鲜明对比——据人口普查数据,当时家庭收入中位数增长近21%。
美国海军联邦信贷联盟(Navy Federal Credit Union)首席经济学家希瑟·朗(Heather Long)表示:“美国中产阶级感到沮丧不难理解。2025年,僵化的就业市场、关税政策以及医疗补助计划削减,都将给中低收入家庭带来更大压力。”
收入最高的10%家庭收入增长4.2%至25.1万美元,而收入最低的10%家庭收入仅增长2.2%至1.99万美元。美国人口普查局对家庭的界定涵盖家庭单位、独居者或与非亲属共同居住者。
人口普查局统计的收入涵盖所有现金收入来源,包括工资、投资收益,以及社会保障金、失业保险等政府项目补贴。但未计入非现金福利(如食品援助,以前称为“食品券”)、税收抵免,也未计入2020年特朗普政府首届任期及2021年拜登政府时期发放的大规模经济刺激资金——这些资金曾显著改善美国民众财务状况。
2021年至2022年期间,美国经济从疫情中复苏,企业迫切需要招聘并留住员工,因此多数美国人的薪资实现了可观增长。但与此同时,物价也大幅上涨,导致2019年后美国家庭总收入连续三年下降,直至2023年才实现四年来的首次增长。
2021年至2022年,美国遭遇四十年来最严重的通胀,这使得多数美国人对经济状况深感失望:疫情后雇主因迫切招工而带来的显著薪资涨幅被通胀侵蚀,这也成为副总统卡玛拉·哈里斯(Kamala Harris)在去年大选中失利的原因之一。以消费者价格指数(CPI)衡量,2024年美国年均通胀率降至2.9%,较两年前8%的年均水平大幅下降。
不同人口群体的收入情况也存在差异:亚裔和拉美裔家庭收入实现稳健增长。经通胀调整后,亚裔家庭收入中位数增长5.1%,达到121700美元;拉美裔家庭收入中位数增长5.5%,达到70950美元。白人家庭收入几乎未见增长,去年为92530美元;黑人家庭收入则下降3.3%,降至56020美元。
女性收入几乎未见增长,而男性收入则增长了3.7%——在历经二十年的差距不断收窄之后,性别工资差距已连续两年扩大。目前,女性平均收入仅为男性的80.9%,低于2023年的82.7%。
美国人口普查局部门副主任莉安娜·福克斯(Liana Fox)表示,女性收入相对于男性出现下降,可能反映了疫情后招聘热潮消退后就业市场的降温趋势。2023年美国失业率曾降至3.4%这一半个世纪以来的低点,但到去年年底已回升至4.1%。福克斯指出,去年的男女薪酬差距已回落至疫情前水平。
密歇根大学贫困解决方案项目数据分析主任阿曼达·诺特哈夫特(Amanda Nothaft)表示,该比例的下降也可能与部分高收入女性退出劳动力市场有关。疫情后,女性劳动参与率(即处于就业状态或正在求职的女性所占比例)曾攀升至历史新高,但此后逐渐回落,部分原因在于企业“返岗办公”的强制规定降低了工作场所的灵活性。
人口普查局的报告还包含贫困数据:2024年美国贫困率从2023年的11%小幅降至10.6%。该局将四口之家的贫困线界定为年收入低于3.1万美元。
此外,人口普查局还追踪一项“补充贫困指标”(该指标包含食品援助等非现金福利),数据显示去年这一指标保持不变,仍为12.9%。
法律与社会政策中心总裁兼执行董事温迪·春-胡恩(Wendy Chun-Hoon,曾在拜登政府时期担任劳工部妇女事务局局长)表示,拜登政府儿童税收抵免政策到期,加之托儿补贴等援助措施终止,导致减贫工作难度加大,对非裔美国家庭的影响尤为显著。
“政策至关重要,”春-胡恩强调,“除非推行更具持久性的改革举措,否则所有进展都不过是昙花一现。”
美国企业研究所机会与社会流动中心副主任凯文·科林斯(Kevin Corinth)指出,报告中也存在一些积极信号。他提到,已婚夫妇家庭收入中位数增长5%,达到12.87万美元;仅拥有高中学历的劳动者收入也实现了增长。(*)
译者:中慧言-王芳
The income for the typical U.S. household barely rose last year and essentially matched its 2019 peak, the Census Bureau said Tuesday, a stark illustration of the impact that the pandemic inflation spike had on Americans’ finances.
The report also showed that the highest-earning households received healthy inflation-adjusted income increases, while middle- and lower-income households saw little gain.
Median household income, adjusted for inflation, in 2024 was $83,730, the Census Bureau said, a 1.3% increase from the previous year’s level of $82,690. The median is the midpoint between the highest- and lowest-income households, and helps filter out the impact of very high and very low incomes that can skew averages.
The figures help illustrate why many Americans have been dissatisfied with the economy since the pandemic, even as unemployment has been historically low: Median household incomes are essentially unchanged from five years earlier, the report showed. Median household income was $83,260 in 2019, the report said, and the slightly higher figure for 2024 is within the margin of error and therefore reflects little change from five years earlier, Census officials said.
That is a sharp contrast from the preceding five-year period, from 2014 to 2019, when median household income rose nearly 21%, according to Census data.
“It’s not hard to see why middle-class Americans are frustrated,” said Heather Long, chief economist at the Navy Federal Credit Union. “The frozen job market, tariffs and Medicaid cuts are going to put even more of a squeeze in 2025 on middle and lower-income households.”
For richest 10% of households, incomes rose 4.2% to $251,000, while for the poorest one-tenth incomes increased just 2.2% to $19,900. A household is defined by Census as a family unit or an individual living alone or living with people who aren’t relatives.
The agency includes all sources of cash income, including wages, investment income, and payments from government programs such as Social Security and unemployment insurance. It doesn’t include non-cash benefits, such as food aid — formerly known as food stamps — or tax credits, or the substantial stimulus payments made by the first Trump administration in 2020 or the Biden administration in 2021 that significantly boosted Americans’ finances.
Wages and salaries for most Americans rose at a healthy clip as the economy emerged from the pandemic in 2021 and 2022, as businesses were desperate to find and keep employees. But with prices rising sharply as well, overall household income fell for three years after 2019, and rose in 2023 for the first time in four years.
The worst inflation spike in four decades in 2021 and 2022 soured most Americans on the economy, eroded sharp wage gains that occurred as employers desperately sought workers after the pandemic, and contributed to Vice President Kamala Harris’ defeat in last year’s election. Inflation, as measured by the consumer price index, fell in 2024 to an annual average of 2.9%, down from an average of 8% two years earlier.
The results also varied by demographic group, with Asian and Hispanic households reporting solid income gains. The median inflation-adjusted income for Asians jumped 5.1% to $121,700, while for Hispanics it rose 5.5% to $70,950. White incomes barely rose and were $92,530 last year, while Black incomes dropped 3.3% to $56,020.
Earnings for women barely rose, while male earnings increased 3.7%, widening the gender wage gap for the second straight year after two decades of narrowing. Women on average now earn 80.9% of what men earn, down from 82.7% in 2023.
Liana Fox, an assistant division chief at Census, said the decline in women’s earnings relative to men’s could reflect some of the cooling in the job market after hiring had ramped up in the aftermath of the pandemic. The unemployment rate fell to a half-century low of 3.4% in 2023, then rose to 4.1% by the end of last year. Fox noted that the ratio of women’s income to men’s last year was similar to pre-pandemic levels.
Amanda Nothaft, director of data and analysis at the University of Michigan’s Poverty Solutions project, said the drop in the ratio could also reflect the departure of some higher-income women from the workforce. The proportion of women working or looking for work jumped to a record high after the pandemic but has since eased, in part as return-to-office mandates have reduced workplace flexibility.
The Census report also included data on poverty, which showed that the poverty rate fell modestly, to 10.6%, from 11% in 2023. The agency defines poverty for a family of four as income below $31,000.
Census also tracks what’s known as the supplemental poverty measure, which includes non-cash benefits such as food aid. That figure was unchanged last year, at 12.9%.
Wendy Chun-Hoon, president and executive director at the Center for Law and Social Policy, said that the expiration of the Biden administration’s child tax credit, as well as subsidies for child care and other aid, have made it harder to cut poverty, particularly among African-American households. Chun-Hoon was head of the Labor Department’s Women’s Bureau during the Biden administration.
“Policy absolutely matters,” Chun-Hoon said. “Unless we make more permanent changes, any gains we see will be temporary.”
Kevin Corinth, deputy director of the Center on Opportunity and Social Mobility at the American Enterprise Institute, said there were some positive signs in the report. Median incomes for married couples jumped 5% to $128,700, he noted, and also rose for workers with only a high school diploma.
