
当一位美国总统试图扳倒一家上市公司的首席执行官时,结果会如何?我们即将在一个离奇的案例中揭晓答案。这不仅可能改变一位首席执行官的职业生涯,也可能改变一家曾是美国企业界瑰宝的公司、一个全球性产业,以及一位前商务部长所称的“21世纪最重要的硬件”。
戏剧性的一幕始于8月7日早晨,当时特朗普总统在Truth Social上发布了一则简短声明:“英特尔(INTEL)的首席执行官存在严重利益冲突,必须立即辞职。这是解决此问题的唯一办法。感谢您对此问题的关注!”这条帖子突然将人们的注意力引向了阿肯色州共和党参议员汤姆·科顿两天前发给英特尔董事会主席的一封信。信中称,英特尔首席执行官陈立武“据称控制着数十家中国公司”,并称一家跨国公司最近承认在“陈先生任职期间”违反了美国出口管制规定,此外还提出了其他指控。当天晚些时候,陈立武致信全体英特尔员工,信中写道:“关于我过去的职务,流传着很多不实信息……我始终恪守最高的法律和道德标准。”英特尔也向媒体表示:“我们期待与政府继续进行沟通。”当天大盘上涨,但英特尔股价却下跌了5%,这对原本以为市场终于可能已触底的英特尔股东来说,又是一记重击。
英特尔如何失去竞争优势
如果主角不是曾经全球最大、最先进的计算机芯片制造商英特尔,这件事或许只是昙花一现的新闻。
英特尔的衰落大约始于20年前,当时公司进行了多次收购,其中许多交易涉及电信和无线技术领域。从理论上讲,这似乎很有道理。但收购本身就是一门技能,时任英特尔董事会成员、现任哈佛商学院(Harvard Business School)教授的大卫·约菲对《财富》杂志表示:“那些收购100%都失败了。我们花费了120亿美元,结果回报为零或负数。”
英特尔也未能成功抓住手机行业带来的巨大机遇。公司意识到了这个机会,并曾为当时极受欢迎的黑莓(BlackBerry)手机供应芯片。这些芯片由英国公司Arm设计(该公司设计芯片但不制造)。英特尔更愿意用自己的x86架构生产手机芯片,这可以理解。后来,公司决定停止生产Arm芯片,转而开发x86手机芯片。约菲表示,事后来看,这是“一个重大战略错误”。他回忆道:“当时的计划是,我们将在一年内开发出一款竞争产品,结果十年过去了也没有实现这个计划。并不是我们错过了手机带来的机遇,而是我们搞砸了。”
随着时间推移,管理不善问题也逐渐显现。英特尔始终无法按时交付新芯片,而且公司的市场份额萎缩。该公司放弃了智能手机芯片。首席执行官几经更迭,但生产问题持续到2021年,英特尔在其历史上首次面临其芯片比竞争对手落后两代的窘境。这些竞争对手是中国台湾的台积电(TSMC)和韩国的三星。
在危机时刻,英特尔董事会请回了从公司离职11年的工程师帕特·基辛格。基辛格曾在公司工作了30年,辞职后曾担任EMC的高管,后来成为VMware首席执行官。作为英特尔的首席执行官,基辛格宣布了一项极其雄心勃勃且耗资巨大的计划,旨在夺回公司在芯片技术领域的全球领导地位。今年2月,随着股价下跌,董事会解雇了基辛格,并请来了陈立武。
尽管如此,英特尔仍然至关重要,因为它是唯一一家拥有在美国本土制造尖端芯片的技术和专长的美国公司,但其实际上已有八年没有在美国本土生产过芯片。在地缘政治的最高层面,芯片主导权是实力的核心。过去八年,世界上速度最快、价值最高的芯片只在中国台湾地区和韩国制造。正因为此,美国国会以两党多数票通过了《芯片与科学法案》(CHIPS and Science Act)。该法案于2022年正式生效,并从去年开始向在美国建设新工厂和其他芯片基础设施的美国及外国芯片制造商提供数十亿美元资金。英特尔获得补贴最多,约80亿美元外加贷款,不过大部分资金尚未到位,需根据项目节点分期发放。
这笔钱似乎来得太晚了。市场研究公司高德纳(Gartner)的分析师高拉夫·古普塔表示:“英特尔曾有一个绝佳的机会。他们获得了政府的大量补贴。但我认为他们根本无法执行。”在那个关键时刻,糟糕的表现代价高昂。研究公司弗雷斯特(Forrester)的分析师阿尔文·阮表示:“一年半前,人们对英特尔的前景还很乐观。现在,人们已不那么乐观。他们的负面情绪如同滚雪球般扩大了。”
现在假设陈立武辞去首席执行官一职。伯恩斯坦(Bernstein)的资深科技分析师斯泰西·拉斯贡表示:“谁还想接这个烫手山芋?”他在最近的一份报告中指出,陈立武“并不‘需要’执掌英特尔(他非常富有,且有很多其他事情可做)……他显然想做对英特尔最有利的事……”但目前尚不清楚他辞职对公司来说是好是坏,“尤其是在特朗普的眼中,他已经成了众矢之的。”拉斯贡在接受《财富》杂志采访时问道:“怎么才能吸引别人来接手这个职位?”
请到陈立武并不容易。古普塔表示:“在(前任首席执行官)帕特·基辛格离职后,董事会花了很长时间才找到这位愿意接手并引领公司发展的新任首席执行官。”
尽管如此,约菲和英特尔另外三位前董事在一份提交给《财富》的声明中主张,为了保障美国在芯片制造领域的主导地位,应该成立一家新公司、组建新董事会、任命新首席执行官,将英特尔的制造部门分拆为一家独立公司。
特朗普的言论将自己置于一个关乎国家安全的重大难题的中心。全球主导地位需要可靠的尖端芯片来源。正因为此,美国商务部长吉娜·雷蒙多在2024年称,芯片是“最重要的硬件……”目前全球最大的尖端芯片生产商是中国台湾地区的台积电(TSMC)。该公司在亚利桑那州有两座在建的晶圆厂获得了《芯片法案》补贴,并计划建设更多工厂。拉斯贡表示:“可以说,亚利桑那州的产能越多,也许我们对英特尔的需求可能就越少。”但台积电并非美国公司,阮表示:“台积电最好的技术目前肯定不会进入美国。”
这就只剩下英特尔了。拉斯贡表示:“他们是唯一一家能做到这一点的美国公司。但英特尔仍需证明他们能做到。他们尚未证明这一点。”特朗普让这家曾经的标杆公司备受瞩目。但发现问题与解决问题根本是两回事,这是英特尔观察者们近二十年来都明白的道理。(*)
译者:刘进龙
审校:汪皓
当一位美国总统试图扳倒一家上市公司的首席执行官时,结果会如何?我们即将在一个离奇的案例中揭晓答案。这不仅可能改变一位首席执行官的职业生涯,也可能改变一家曾是美国企业界瑰宝的公司、一个全球性产业,以及一位前商务部长所称的“21世纪最重要的硬件”。
戏剧性的一幕始于8月7日早晨,当时特朗普总统在Truth Social上发布了一则简短声明:“英特尔(INTEL)的首席执行官存在严重利益冲突,必须立即辞职。这是解决此问题的唯一办法。感谢您对此问题的关注!”这条帖子突然将人们的注意力引向了阿肯色州共和党参议员汤姆·科顿两天前发给英特尔董事会主席的一封信。信中称,英特尔首席执行官陈立武“据称控制着数十家中国公司”,并称一家跨国公司最近承认在“陈先生任职期间”违反了美国出口管制规定,此外还提出了其他指控。当天晚些时候,陈立武致信全体英特尔员工,信中写道:“关于我过去的职务,流传着很多不实信息……我始终恪守最高的法律和道德标准。”英特尔也向媒体表示:“我们期待与政府继续进行沟通。”当天大盘上涨,但英特尔股价却下跌了5%,这对原本以为市场终于可能已触底的英特尔股东来说,又是一记重击。
英特尔如何失去竞争优势
如果主角不是曾经全球最大、最先进的计算机芯片制造商英特尔,这件事或许只是昙花一现的新闻。
英特尔的衰落大约始于20年前,当时公司进行了多次收购,其中许多交易涉及电信和无线技术领域。从理论上讲,这似乎很有道理。但收购本身就是一门技能,时任英特尔董事会成员、现任哈佛商学院(Harvard Business School)教授的大卫·约菲对《财富》杂志表示:“那些收购100%都失败了。我们花费了120亿美元,结果回报为零或负数。”
英特尔也未能成功抓住手机行业带来的巨大机遇。公司意识到了这个机会,并曾为当时极受欢迎的黑莓(BlackBerry)手机供应芯片。这些芯片由英国公司Arm设计(该公司设计芯片但不制造)。英特尔更愿意用自己的x86架构生产手机芯片,这可以理解。后来,公司决定停止生产Arm芯片,转而开发x86手机芯片。约菲表示,事后来看,这是“一个重大战略错误”。他回忆道:“当时的计划是,我们将在一年内开发出一款竞争产品,结果十年过去了也没有实现这个计划。并不是我们错过了手机带来的机遇,而是我们搞砸了。”
随着时间推移,管理不善问题也逐渐显现。英特尔始终无法按时交付新芯片,而且公司的市场份额萎缩。该公司放弃了智能手机芯片。首席执行官几经更迭,但生产问题持续到2021年,英特尔在其历史上首次面临其芯片比竞争对手落后两代的窘境。这些竞争对手是中国台湾的台积电(TSMC)和韩国的三星。
在危机时刻,英特尔董事会请回了从公司离职11年的工程师帕特·基辛格。基辛格曾在公司工作了30年,辞职后曾担任EMC的高管,后来成为VMware首席执行官。作为英特尔的首席执行官,基辛格宣布了一项极其雄心勃勃且耗资巨大的计划,旨在夺回公司在芯片技术领域的全球领导地位。今年2月,随着股价下跌,董事会解雇了基辛格,并请来了陈立武。
尽管如此,英特尔仍然至关重要,因为它是唯一一家拥有在美国本土制造尖端芯片的技术和专长的美国公司,但其实际上已有八年没有在美国本土生产过芯片。在地缘政治的最高层面,芯片主导权是实力的核心。过去八年,世界上速度最快、价值最高的芯片只在中国台湾地区和韩国制造。正因为此,美国国会以两党多数票通过了《芯片与科学法案》(CHIPS and Science Act)。该法案于2022年正式生效,并从去年开始向在美国建设新工厂和其他芯片基础设施的美国及外国芯片制造商提供数十亿美元资金。英特尔获得补贴最多,约80亿美元外加贷款,不过大部分资金尚未到位,需根据项目节点分期发放。
这笔钱似乎来得太晚了。市场研究公司高德纳(Gartner)的分析师高拉夫·古普塔表示:“英特尔曾有一个绝佳的机会。他们获得了政府的大量补贴。但我认为他们根本无法执行。”在那个关键时刻,糟糕的表现代价高昂。研究公司弗雷斯特(Forrester)的分析师阿尔文·阮表示:“一年半前,人们对英特尔的前景还很乐观。现在,人们已不那么乐观。他们的负面情绪如同滚雪球般扩大了。”
现在假设陈立武辞去首席执行官一职。伯恩斯坦(Bernstein)的资深科技分析师斯泰西·拉斯贡表示:“谁还想接这个烫手山芋?”他在最近的一份报告中指出,陈立武“并不‘需要’执掌英特尔(他非常富有,且有很多其他事情可做)……他显然想做对英特尔最有利的事……”但目前尚不清楚他辞职对公司来说是好是坏,“尤其是在特朗普的眼中,他已经成了众矢之的。”拉斯贡在接受《财富》杂志采访时问道:“怎么才能吸引别人来接手这个职位?”
请到陈立武并不容易。古普塔表示:“在(前任首席执行官)帕特·基辛格离职后,董事会花了很长时间才找到这位愿意接手并引领公司发展的新任首席执行官。”
尽管如此,约菲和英特尔另外三位前董事在一份提交给《财富》的声明中主张,为了保障美国在芯片制造领域的主导地位,应该成立一家新公司、组建新董事会、任命新首席执行官,将英特尔的制造部门分拆为一家独立公司。
特朗普的言论将自己置于一个关乎国家安全的重大难题的中心。全球主导地位需要可靠的尖端芯片来源。正因为此,美国商务部长吉娜·雷蒙多在2024年称,芯片是“最重要的硬件……”目前全球最大的尖端芯片生产商是中国台湾地区的台积电(TSMC)。该公司在亚利桑那州有两座在建的晶圆厂获得了《芯片法案》补贴,并计划建设更多工厂。拉斯贡表示:“可以说,亚利桑那州的产能越多,也许我们对英特尔的需求可能就越少。”但台积电并非美国公司,阮表示:“台积电最好的技术目前肯定不会进入美国。”
这就只剩下英特尔了。拉斯贡表示:“他们是唯一一家能做到这一点的美国公司。但英特尔仍需证明他们能做到。他们尚未证明这一点。”特朗普让这家曾经的标杆公司备受瞩目。但发现问题与解决问题根本是两回事,这是英特尔观察者们近二十年来都明白的道理。(*)
译者:刘进龙
审校:汪皓
What happens when a U.S. president tries to take down the CEO of a publicly traded company? We’re about to find out in a bizarre case that could alter not just the career of a CEO but also a one-time corporate jewel of American enterprise, a global industry, and what a previous Commerce Secretary has called “the most important piece of hardware in the 21st century.”
The drama began on the morning of August 7, when President Trump posted a short statement on Truth Social: “The CEO of INTEL is highly CONFLICTED and must resign, immediately. There is no other solution to this problem. Thank you for your attention to this problem!” The post suddenly directed attention to a letter Senator Tom Cotton (R.-Ark.) had sent to Intel’s board chairman two days earlier. It said Intel CEO Lip-Bu Tan “reportedly controls dozens of Chinese companies,” and a multinational company had recently pleaded guilty to violating U.S. export controls “under Mr. Tan’s tenure,” among other accusations. By day’s end, Tan had sent a letter to Intel employees saying, “There has been a lot of misinformation circulating about my past roles…. I have always operated within the highest legal and ethical standards,” and Intel had told the media, “We look forward to our continued engagement with the Administration.” The stock fell 5% on an up day for the market, another blow to Intel shareholders who had hoped—finally—that things might have hit bottom.
How Intel lost its edge
It would have been a one-day story if it weren’t about Intel, once the world’s biggest, most advanced maker of computer chips.
It’s decline began some 20 years ago, when the company made multiple acquisitions, many of which were in telecommunications and wireless technology. In concept, that made great sense. But acquiring businesses is a skill of its own, and David Yoffie, a Harvard Business School professor who was on Intel’s board of directors at the time, told Fortune “100% of those acquisitions failed. We spent $12 billion, and the return was zero or negative.”
Intel also tried unsuccessfully to grasp the mammoth cell phone opportunity. The company understood the opportunity and was supplying chips for the highly popular BlackBerry phone. The chips were designed by Arm, a British firm that designs chips but doesn’t manufacture them. Intel understandably preferred to make phone chips with its own architecture, known as x86. The company decided to stop making Arm chips and to create an x86 chip for cell phones—in retrospect, “a major strategic error,” says Yoffie. “The plan was that we would have a competitive product within a year, and we ended up not having a competitive product within a decade,” he recalls. “It wasn’t that we missed it. It was that we screwed it up.”
As years went by, simple poor management crept in. Intel kept missing new-chip deadlines and lost market share. The company gave up on smartphone chips. CEOs were replaced, but the production troubles continued until, by 2021, for the first time in Intel’s existence, its chips were two generations behind competitors’. Those competitors were Taiwan’s TSMC and South Korea’s Samsung.
In crisis mode, Intel’s board brought back Pat Gelsinger, an engineer who had spent 30 years at Intel before leaving for 11 years to be a high-level executive at EMC and then CEO of VMware. As Intel’s CEO he announced an extraordinarily ambitious and expensive plan to reclaim the company’s stature as the world leader in chip technology. In February of this year, as the stock price fell, the board fired him and brought in Tan.
Despite it all, Intel is still crucially important because it’s the only U.S. company with the technology and know-how to make leading-edge chips in America–though it hasn’t actually done that in eight years. At the highest level of geopolitics, primacy in chips is central to power, and for the past eight years the world’s fastest, most valuable chips have been made only in Taiwan and South Korea. That’s why Congress passed the CHIPS and Science Act with bipartisan majorities. It became law in 2022 and starting last year has sent billions of dollars to chipmakers, American and foreign, building new factories and other chip infrastructure in the U.S. Intel was allotted the most subsidies, about $8 billion plus loans, though the company hasn’t received most of the money, which is disbursed based on reaching project milestones.
It’s as if the money came just a little too late. “Intel had a great opportunity,” says Gaurav Gupta, an analyst at the Gartner research firm. “They were getting all these subsidies from the government. But I think they just could not execute.” At that critical moment, poor performance was costly. “A year and a half ago there was still positivity with Intel,” says Alvin Nguyen, an analyst at the Forrester research firm. “Now, not as much. The negativity that’s hit them, it’s just snowballed.”
Now suppose Tan were to step down as CEO. “Who wants that job?” asks Stacy Rasgon, a longtime tech analyst at Bernstein. He observes in a recent note that Tan “doesn’t ‘need’ to run Intel (he’s very wealthy and has a lot of other things to occupy his time)…. He clearly wants to do what is best for Intel…” But it’s unclear if resigning would be good or bad for the company, “especially with Trump’s crosshairs on his back.” Rasgon, speaking to Fortune, asks, “How do you attract somebody else into that spot?”
Getting Tan wasn’t easy. “The board took a while in finding the new CEO when [previous boss] Pat Gelsinger left,” says Gupta. “It took a long time to find a candidate willing to take control and lead the company in a direction.”
Nonetheless, Yoffie and three other former Intel directors argued in a statement to Fortune for a new company, a new board, and a new CEO, spinning off Intel’s manufacturing arm into an independent company to secure America’s chipmaking dominance.
Trump’s post puts himself at the center of a crucial conundrum for national security. Global dominance requires a reliable source of leading-edge chips. That’s why Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo in 2024 said they’re “the most important piece of hardware….” The world’s largest producer of leading-edge chips by far, Taiwan’s TSMC, is building two fabs in Arizona, subsidized by the CHIPS Act, with more planned. “You can make the argument that the more capacity builds in Arizona, maybe the less we need Intel,” says Rasgon. But TSMC isn’t an American firm, and Nguyen says “the best technology from TSMC is definitely not coming to the U.S. at this time.”
Which leaves Intel. “They’re the only American company that can do it,” says Rasgon. “But Intel still has to prove they could deliver. They haven’t proven that.” Trump has shined a spotlight on the once-iconic company. But identifying problems and solving them are two very different matters, something Intel-watchers have known for going on two decades.