
在瑞典北部的卢奥萨瓦拉山高处,萨米族驯鹿牧民拉尔斯-马库斯・库穆宁对自己及其他原住民的未来感到心灰意冷,而这些原住民的驯鹿已在这片土地上漫步了数千年之久。
铁矿的不断扩建和丰富的稀土储量正在使这片土地支离破碎,也改变了古老的驯鹿迁徙路线。然而,由于北极地区的变暖速度是地球其他地区的四倍,牧民们表示,为确保驯鹿的生存,他们需要更加自由地在不同地域进行迁移,而不是受到限制。
库穆宁表示,若在佩尔盖杰的稀土矿床上进行开采,可能会彻底切断加布纳萨米村落所依赖的驯鹿迁徙路线。瑞典称该矿床是欧洲最大的稀土矿。
他说,在瑞典这片位于北极圈以北约200公里的极北之地,采矿意味着他和他的子女以及其他萨米族驯鹿牧民的原有生活方式将走向终结。
库穆宁说:“驯鹿是瑞典萨米文化的根基,一切都围绕驯鹿展开:食物、语言、山地知识,所有事都以驯鹿放牧为核心。若驯鹿放牧不复存在,萨米文化也将随之消亡。”
萨米族驯鹿牧民遵循世代相传的传统
萨米族牧民的祖先是游牧族群,其活动范围横跨瑞典、挪威、芬兰的极北地区以及俄罗斯的西北角。在20世纪60年代前,这一原住民少数群体的驯鹿放牧活动会受到阻挠,教会与政府还会打压他们的语言和文化。
仅在瑞典,至少有2万人拥有萨米族血统,不过官方没有确切的统计,因为基于种族的人口普查在瑞典属违法行为。如今,被称为“萨米村”的萨米聚居地是受政府管控的商业实体,政府对每个村落可饲养的半家养驯鹿数量及其活动范围都有明确规定。
萨米议会成员斯特凡・米卡埃尔松表示:“如今,要实现可持续的驯鹿养殖、让驯鹿挺过北极的寒冬并存活到次年变得越来越困难。”
在加布纳村,库穆宁负责管理约2500至3000头驯鹿以及15至20名牧民。这些牧民家庭(总计约150人)的生计全靠驯鹿放牧业务的盈利支撑。
早在佩尔盖杰矿床被发现之前,他们便不得不应对基律纳瓦拉铁矿不断扩大的开采范围。这座全球最大的地下铁矿迫使该村牧民带领驯鹿走上一条更长、更艰难的迁徙路线。
采矿或能减少对中国稀土矿的依赖,却会损害萨米族牧民的利益
瑞典官员及国有矿业公司卢奥萨山-基吕纳山公司(LKAB)表示,拟议中的佩尔盖杰矿山开采有望降低欧洲对中国稀土矿的依赖。LKAB 计划于21世纪30年代启动该矿的开采工作。
稀土矿物不仅对各类消费科技产品(包括手机、硬盘、电动汽车及混合动力汽车)至关重要,还被认为是推动经济从依赖化石燃料向依赖电力与可再生能源转型的关键资源。
不过库穆宁称,若佩尔盖杰矿山项目持续推进,加布纳村的牧民将再无其他路线可选,因为他们无法在夏季带领驯鹿从山区向东迁徙,前往冬季长满营养丰富地衣的牧场。
该村将通过法律途径反对这一采矿项目,但库穆宁表示他对此并不乐观。
“对抗矿山开采真的太难了。他们有的是资源和手段,还有资金,而我们什么都没有,” 库穆宁说,“我们有的仅仅是活下去的意志,以及将这些牧场传给子孙后代的决心。”
LKAB 特殊产品部门高级副总裁达伦・威尔逊表示,该矿业公司正在寻找帮助萨米族牧民的解决方案,但他不愿透露可能的方案内容。
他说:“有一些潜在举措可以去尝试和探索,而且我们必然会持续沟通,但我并不是说这项工作没有挑战。”
气候变化对驯鹿养殖的影响
气候变化正给传统的萨米族驯鹿养殖带来毁灭性打击。
瑞典农业科学大学(Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences)教授、驯鹿养殖专家安娜・斯卡林指出,在瑞典拉普兰地区,全球变暖导致冬季降雨而非降雪。这些冻雨随后会在地衣表面形成厚厚的冰层,导致饥饿的驯鹿无法触及冰层下的食物。
夏季,山区气温已升至30摄氏度(86华氏度),导致驯鹿体温过高,无法充分进食以积累足够的脂肪,难以支撑它们度过冬季。
在瑞典,有人提议,若佩尔盖杰矿山开始开采,可将驯鹿用卡车运送至不同牧场。然而,斯卡林认为这一方案没有可行性,因为驯鹿在迁徙途中会不断进食,而卡车运输会使驯鹿无法在行进过程中觅食。
她说:“在某种程度上,此举不仅夺走了它们数千年来一直依赖的传统迁徙路线,还会剥夺它们在迁徙期间本应获取的草料资源。”
对库穆宁而言,此举还意味着在这片土地上,由世代驯鹿牧民传承下来的萨米族传统将走向终结。
他说:“难道我们要告诉族人,我们现在所做的一切在不久的将来就会消失?”(*)
瑞典基律纳的彼得罗・德・克里斯托法罗亦参与了本文的撰写。
美联社(The Associated Press)的气候与环境报道获得多家私人基金会的资金支持。所有内容均由美联社负责。如需了解美联社与慈善机构合作的准则、支持者名单以及资助报道领域,请登录AP.org网站查询。
译者:冯丰
审校:夏林
在瑞典北部的卢奥萨瓦拉山高处,萨米族驯鹿牧民拉尔斯-马库斯・库穆宁对自己及其他原住民的未来感到心灰意冷,而这些原住民的驯鹿已在这片土地上漫步了数千年之久。
铁矿的不断扩建和丰富的稀土储量正在使这片土地支离破碎,也改变了古老的驯鹿迁徙路线。然而,由于北极地区的变暖速度是地球其他地区的四倍,牧民们表示,为确保驯鹿的生存,他们需要更加自由地在不同地域进行迁移,而不是受到限制。
库穆宁表示,若在佩尔盖杰的稀土矿床上进行开采,可能会彻底切断加布纳萨米村落所依赖的驯鹿迁徙路线。瑞典称该矿床是欧洲最大的稀土矿。
他说,在瑞典这片位于北极圈以北约200公里的极北之地,采矿意味着他和他的子女以及其他萨米族驯鹿牧民的原有生活方式将走向终结。
库穆宁说:“驯鹿是瑞典萨米文化的根基,一切都围绕驯鹿展开:食物、语言、山地知识,所有事都以驯鹿放牧为核心。若驯鹿放牧不复存在,萨米文化也将随之消亡。”
萨米族驯鹿牧民遵循世代相传的传统
萨米族牧民的祖先是游牧族群,其活动范围横跨瑞典、挪威、芬兰的极北地区以及俄罗斯的西北角。在20世纪60年代前,这一原住民少数群体的驯鹿放牧活动会受到阻挠,教会与政府还会打压他们的语言和文化。
仅在瑞典,至少有2万人拥有萨米族血统,不过官方没有确切的统计,因为基于种族的人口普查在瑞典属违法行为。如今,被称为“萨米村”的萨米聚居地是受政府管控的商业实体,政府对每个村落可饲养的半家养驯鹿数量及其活动范围都有明确规定。
萨米议会成员斯特凡・米卡埃尔松表示:“如今,要实现可持续的驯鹿养殖、让驯鹿挺过北极的寒冬并存活到次年变得越来越困难。”
在加布纳村,库穆宁负责管理约2500至3000头驯鹿以及15至20名牧民。这些牧民家庭(总计约150人)的生计全靠驯鹿放牧业务的盈利支撑。
早在佩尔盖杰矿床被发现之前,他们便不得不应对基律纳瓦拉铁矿不断扩大的开采范围。这座全球最大的地下铁矿迫使该村牧民带领驯鹿走上一条更长、更艰难的迁徙路线。
采矿或能减少对中国稀土矿的依赖,却会损害萨米族牧民的利益
瑞典官员及国有矿业公司卢奥萨山-基吕纳山公司(LKAB)表示,拟议中的佩尔盖杰矿山开采有望降低欧洲对中国稀土矿的依赖。LKAB 计划于21世纪30年代启动该矿的开采工作。
稀土矿物不仅对各类消费科技产品(包括手机、硬盘、电动汽车及混合动力汽车)至关重要,还被认为是推动经济从依赖化石燃料向依赖电力与可再生能源转型的关键资源。
不过库穆宁称,若佩尔盖杰矿山项目持续推进,加布纳村的牧民将再无其他路线可选,因为他们无法在夏季带领驯鹿从山区向东迁徙,前往冬季长满营养丰富地衣的牧场。
该村将通过法律途径反对这一采矿项目,但库穆宁表示他对此并不乐观。
“对抗矿山开采真的太难了。他们有的是资源和手段,还有资金,而我们什么都没有,” 库穆宁说,“我们有的仅仅是活下去的意志,以及将这些牧场传给子孙后代的决心。”
LKAB 特殊产品部门高级副总裁达伦・威尔逊表示,该矿业公司正在寻找帮助萨米族牧民的解决方案,但他不愿透露可能的方案内容。
他说:“有一些潜在举措可以去尝试和探索,而且我们必然会持续沟通,但我并不是说这项工作没有挑战。”
气候变化对驯鹿养殖的影响
气候变化正给传统的萨米族驯鹿养殖带来毁灭性打击。
瑞典农业科学大学(Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences)教授、驯鹿养殖专家安娜・斯卡林指出,在瑞典拉普兰地区,全球变暖导致冬季降雨而非降雪。这些冻雨随后会在地衣表面形成厚厚的冰层,导致饥饿的驯鹿无法触及冰层下的食物。
夏季,山区气温已升至30摄氏度(86华氏度),导致驯鹿体温过高,无法充分进食以积累足够的脂肪,难以支撑它们度过冬季。
在瑞典,有人提议,若佩尔盖杰矿山开始开采,可将驯鹿用卡车运送至不同牧场。然而,斯卡林认为这一方案没有可行性,因为驯鹿在迁徙途中会不断进食,而卡车运输会使驯鹿无法在行进过程中觅食。
她说:“在某种程度上,此举不仅夺走了它们数千年来一直依赖的传统迁徙路线,还会剥夺它们在迁徙期间本应获取的草料资源。”
对库穆宁而言,此举还意味着在这片土地上,由世代驯鹿牧民传承下来的萨米族传统将走向终结。
他说:“难道我们要告诉族人,我们现在所做的一切在不久的将来就会消失?”(*)
瑞典基律纳的彼得罗・德・克里斯托法罗亦参与了本文的撰写。
美联社(The Associated Press)的气候与环境报道获得多家私人基金会的资金支持。所有内容均由美联社负责。如需了解美联社与慈善机构合作的准则、支持者名单以及资助报道领域,请登录AP.org网站查询。
译者:冯丰
审校:夏林
High atop the Luossavaara Mountain in northern Sweden, Sami reindeer herder Lars-Marcus Kuhmunen mapped out a bleak future for himself and other Indigenous people whose reindeer have roamed this land for thousands of years.
An expanding iron-ore mine and a deposit of rare-earth minerals are fragmenting the land and altering ancient reindeer migration routes. But with the Arctic warming four times faster than the rest of the planet, herders say they need more geographic flexibility, not less, to ensure the animals’ survival.
If a mine is established at the deposit of rare-earth minerals called Per Geijer, which Sweden heralds as Europe’s largest, Kuhmunen said it could completely cut off the migration routes used by the Sami village of Gabna.
That would be the end of the Indigenous way of life for Kuhmunen, his children and their fellow Sami reindeer herders, he said, in this far-north corner of Sweden some 200 kilometers (124 miles) above the Arctic Circle.
“The reindeer is the fundamental base of the Sami culture in Sweden,” Kuhmunen said. “Everything is founded around the reindeers: The food, the language, the knowledge of mountains. Everything is founded around the reindeer herding. If that ceases to exist, the Sami culture will also cease to exist.”
Sami reindeer herders follow generations of tradition
Sami herders are descended from a once-nomadic people scattered across a region spanning the far north of Sweden, Norway, Finland and the northwestern corner of Russia. Until the 1960s, members of this Indigenous minority were discouraged from reindeer herding, and the church and state suppressed their language and culture.
In Sweden alone there are at least 20,000 people with Sami heritage, though an official count does not exist because an ethnicity-based census is against the law. Today, a Sami village called a sameby is a business entity dictated by the state, which determines how many semi-domesticated reindeer each village can have and where they can roam.
“It’s getting more and more a problem to have a sort of sustainable reindeer husbandry and to be able to have the reindeers to survive the Arctic winter and into the next year,” said Stefan Mikaelsson, a member of the Sami Parliament.
In the Gabna village, Kuhmunen oversees about 2,500 to 3,000 reindeer and 15 to 20 herders. Their families, some 150 people in total, depend on the bottom line of the business.
Even before the discovery of the Per Geijer deposit, they had to contend with the expanding footprint of Kiirunavaara. The world’s largest underground, iron-ore mine has forced the village’s herders to lead their reindeer through a longer and harder migration route.
Mining could reduce dependence on China but hurt Sami herders
Swedish officials and LKAB, the state-owned mining company, say the proposed Per Geijer mine could reduce Europe’s reliance on China for rare-earth minerals. LKAB hopes to begin mining there in the 2030s.
Besides being essential to many kinds of consumer technology, including cellphones, hard drives and electric and hybrid vehicles, rare-earth minerals also are considered crucial to shifting the economy away from fossil fuels toward electricity and renewable energy.
But if work on Per Geijer goes forward, Kuhmunen said there will be no other routes for the Gabna herders to take the reindeer east from the mountains in the summer to the grazing pastures full of nutrient-rich lichen in the winter.
The village will contest the mine in court but Kuhmunen said he is not optimistic.
“It’s really difficult to fight a mine. They have all the resources, they have all the means. They have the money. We don’t have that,” Kuhmunen said. “We only have our will to exist. To pass these grazing lands to our children.”
Darren Wilson, LKAB’s senior vice president of special products, said the mining company is seeking solutions to assist the Sami herders, though he would not speculate on what they might be.
“There are potential things that we can do and we can explore and we have to keep engaging,” he said. “But I’m not underestimating the challenge of doing that.”
Climate change’s impact on reindeer husbandry
Climate change is wreaking havoc on traditional Sami reindeer husbandry.
Global warming has brought rain instead of snow during the winter in Swedish Lapland. The freezing rain then traps lichen under a thick layer of ice where hungry reindeer can’t reach the food, according to Anna Skarin, a reindeer husbandry expert and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences professor.
In the summer, mountain temperatures have risen to 30 degrees Celsius (86 Fahrenheit) and left reindeer over-heated and unable to graze enough to gain the weight needed to sustain them in winter.
Some in Sweden suggest putting the reindeer onto trucks to ferry them between grazing lands if the Per Geijer mine is built. But Skarin said that isn’t feasible because the animals eat on the move and the relocation would deny them food to be grazed while walking from one area to another.
“So you’re kind of both taking away the migration route that they have used traditionally over hundreds and thousands of years,” she said, “and you would also take away that forage resource that they should have used during that time.”
For Kuhmunen, it would also mean the end of Sami traditions passed down by generations of reindeer herders on this land.
“How can you tell your people that what we’re doing now, it will cease to exist in the near future?” he said.
Pietro De Cristofaro in Kiruna, Sweden, contributed to this report.
The Associated Press’ climate and environmental coverage receives financial support from multiple private foundations. The AP is solely responsible for all content. Find the AP’s standards for working with philanthropies, a list of supporters and funded coverage areas at AP.org.