
梅雷迪思・惠特尼(Meredith Whitney)因准确预言2008年金融危机而被誉为“华尔街先知”。今天她又一次发出警报——未来一年,Z世代和千禧一代(译注:约等同于中国的90后和00后)将面临“非常脆弱”的经济状况。惠特尼是一位杰出的金融分析师,她对次级抵押贷款的先见之明在近二十年前就得到了证实。而今,她将关注点转向当今美国年轻人在该国不断变化的经济形势下面临的经济脆弱性。
在福克斯商业频道(Fox Business)最近播出的一期《巴伦圆桌会》(Barron’s Roundtable)节目中,惠特尼解释说,尽管Z世代和千禧一代支撑了消费支出,并且被认为是疫情后的经济支柱,但他们的财务基础正变得日益脆弱。惠特尼将Z世代和千禧一代称为“牛油果吐司消费者”,称他们由于多种经济因素叠加而面临独特的风险,威胁他们经济韧性的因素包括:成本上升、工资停滞、难以承受的房价,以及疫情结束后被渐削弱的福利安全网。
她还表示,她对于令人失望的8月份就业增长数据“并不意外”,这是隐藏在表象之下的、更脆弱的经济状况带来的结果,而处于其核心的正是“牛油果吐司消费者”。
近距离观察消费状况
惠特尼指出,在酒店、招待、零售等约占20%劳动力的重点行业,消费支出正在放缓,甚至出现负增长。她还提到,当前的移民政策使100万非本土出生的员工退出美国劳动力市场,给这些行业造成更大压力。她认为,这表明经济环境比人们认为的更加脆弱,而且失业率到今年年底和明年可能会继续上升到4%甚至更高。她的意思是,这个比例甚至可能接近5%。虽然这些数字按历史标准来看不算太差,但美国失业率从2022年以来保持在3%上下,处于1970年代以来最低水平,与此相比已经有所上升。
她深入分析研究了美国消费者群体,她认为这一群体“颗粒度非常细”。在过去五年中,惠特尼对消费者进行了细分,发现了“高端消费者”和“牛油果吐司消费者”之间的鲜明差别。“牛油果吐司消费者”主要在24到38岁之间,受过大学教育,高消费,通常没有房产,但拥有相当多的可支配收入,他们一直是经济的重要驱动力。这一人群与超过52%的、处于“挣扎”状态的家庭形成鲜明对比。
尽管如此,在她看来这个富裕的年轻群体面临着重大的财务压力,这主要是由于政府恢复了学生贷款还款,以及医疗补贴即将被取消。惠特尼解释说,在近五年的时间里,不偿还学生贷款的行为无需受到任何惩罚,从而制造了一种虚假的财务自由感。学生贷款的还款责任已经从2024年10月起已经正式恢复,尽管贷款人获准享受为期一年的“启动期”,也就是如果在此期间拖延还款,除了产生利息外,不会受到任何惩罚。目前许多人已开始还款,但仍有相当高的比例仍未开始还贷,有25%的学生贷款的借款人和超过半数的学生贷款债务集中发生在24至38岁的年龄段。
对于已经开始还款的人来说,影响已然显现,并随之导致消费受到抑制,从Panera、Cava和Sweetgreen等连锁快餐店乏力的业绩表现就可以管窥一二。惠特尼警告说,情况可能进一步恶化,因为那些严重逾期的学生贷款即将被实施工资扣押,从而进一步挤压这一群体的消费能力。正如她所说,因为同店销售额陷入了长期低迷,Sweetgreen已下调今年最后两个季度的预期,该公司首席执行官乔纳森・尼曼(Jonathan Neman)调整了菜单,提高了蛋白质比例,试图为顾客的“难以下咽的办公桌沙拉”提供更多价值。
一些福利补贴陆续终止
此外,由于一些关键医疗补贴将在年底前到期,压力或将继续增大。新冠疫情期间,《美国救助计划法案》(the American Rescue Plan Act)为收入在贫困线400%以内的人群提供医疗保费补贴,许多人因此每月获得了额外的300美元可支配收入。而这项福利即将结束,再加上学生贷款还款重启,一大笔“可支配支出”将不复存在。
惠特尼强调,学生贷款超期还贷造成的工资扣押,以及医疗补贴停止发放,二者的叠加效应将在明年为Z世代和千禧一代制造“全然不同的困境”。企业一直热衷于针对这些年轻世代开展营销,而如今他们将面临“消费支出的实际压力”。因此,惠特尼预测“未来一年,Z世代和千禧一代的消费能力将非常疲弱”。(*)
《财富》杂志在撰写本报道初稿时借助了生成式人工智能工具,编辑在发布本文章之前核实了信息准确性。
译者:珠珠
梅雷迪思・惠特尼(Meredith Whitney)因准确预言2008年金融危机而被誉为“华尔街先知”。今天她又一次发出警报——未来一年,Z世代和千禧一代(译注:约等同于中国的90后和00后)将面临“非常脆弱”的经济状况。惠特尼是一位杰出的金融分析师,她对次级抵押贷款的先见之明在近二十年前就得到了证实。而今,她将关注点转向当今美国年轻人在该国不断变化的经济形势下面临的经济脆弱性。
在福克斯商业频道(Fox Business)最近播出的一期《巴伦圆桌会》(Barron’s Roundtable)节目中,惠特尼解释说,尽管Z世代和千禧一代支撑了消费支出,并且被认为是疫情后的经济支柱,但他们的财务基础正变得日益脆弱。惠特尼将Z世代和千禧一代称为“牛油果吐司消费者”,称他们由于多种经济因素叠加而面临独特的风险,威胁他们经济韧性的因素包括:成本上升、工资停滞、难以承受的房价,以及疫情结束后被渐削弱的福利安全网。
她还表示,她对于令人失望的8月份就业增长数据“并不意外”,这是隐藏在表象之下的、更脆弱的经济状况带来的结果,而处于其核心的正是“牛油果吐司消费者”。
近距离观察消费状况
惠特尼指出,在酒店、招待、零售等约占20%劳动力的重点行业,消费支出正在放缓,甚至出现负增长。她还提到,当前的移民政策使100万非本土出生的员工退出美国劳动力市场,给这些行业造成更大压力。她认为,这表明经济环境比人们认为的更加脆弱,而且失业率到今年年底和明年可能会继续上升到4%甚至更高。她的意思是,这个比例甚至可能接近5%。虽然这些数字按历史标准来看不算太差,但美国失业率从2022年以来保持在3%上下,处于1970年代以来最低水平,与此相比已经有所上升。
她深入分析研究了美国消费者群体,她认为这一群体“颗粒度非常细”。在过去五年中,惠特尼对消费者进行了细分,发现了“高端消费者”和“牛油果吐司消费者”之间的鲜明差别。“牛油果吐司消费者”主要在24到38岁之间,受过大学教育,高消费,通常没有房产,但拥有相当多的可支配收入,他们一直是经济的重要驱动力。这一人群与超过52%的、处于“挣扎”状态的家庭形成鲜明对比。
尽管如此,在她看来这个富裕的年轻群体面临着重大的财务压力,这主要是由于政府恢复了学生贷款还款,以及医疗补贴即将被取消。惠特尼解释说,在近五年的时间里,不偿还学生贷款的行为无需受到任何惩罚,从而制造了一种虚假的财务自由感。学生贷款的还款责任已经从2024年10月起已经正式恢复,尽管贷款人获准享受为期一年的“启动期”,也就是如果在此期间拖延还款,除了产生利息外,不会受到任何惩罚。目前许多人已开始还款,但仍有相当高的比例仍未开始还贷,有25%的学生贷款的借款人和超过半数的学生贷款债务集中发生在24至38岁的年龄段。
对于已经开始还款的人来说,影响已然显现,并随之导致消费受到抑制,从Panera、Cava和Sweetgreen等连锁快餐店乏力的业绩表现就可以管窥一二。惠特尼警告说,情况可能进一步恶化,因为那些严重逾期的学生贷款即将被实施工资扣押,从而进一步挤压这一群体的消费能力。正如她所说,因为同店销售额陷入了长期低迷,Sweetgreen已下调今年最后两个季度的预期,该公司首席执行官乔纳森・尼曼(Jonathan Neman)调整了菜单,提高了蛋白质比例,试图为顾客的“难以下咽的办公桌沙拉”提供更多价值。
一些福利补贴陆续终止
此外,由于一些关键医疗补贴将在年底前到期,压力或将继续增大。新冠疫情期间,《美国救助计划法案》(the American Rescue Plan Act)为收入在贫困线400%以内的人群提供医疗保费补贴,许多人因此每月获得了额外的300美元可支配收入。而这项福利即将结束,再加上学生贷款还款重启,一大笔“可支配支出”将不复存在。
惠特尼强调,学生贷款超期还贷造成的工资扣押,以及医疗补贴停止发放,二者的叠加效应将在明年为Z世代和千禧一代制造“全然不同的困境”。企业一直热衷于针对这些年轻世代开展营销,而如今他们将面临“消费支出的实际压力”。因此,惠特尼预测“未来一年,Z世代和千禧一代的消费能力将非常疲弱”。(*)
《财富》杂志在撰写本报道初稿时借助了生成式人工智能工具,编辑在发布本文章之前核实了信息准确性。
译者:珠珠
The one-time “Oracle of Wall Street” who famously called the 2008 financial crisis is once again sounding the alarm—this time warning that Gen Z and millennials will be “very weak” in the year ahead. Meredith Whitney, the prominent financial analyst whose prescient warnings about subprime mortgages proved true nearly two decades ago, has shifted her focus to the economic vulnerabilities facing today’s younger generations in the evolving U.S. economy.
On a recent episode of “Barron’s Roundtable” aired by Fox Business, Whitney explained that while Gen Z and millennials have propped up consumer spending and have often been considered the backbone of the post-pandemic economy, their financial underpinnings are increasingly fragile. Whitney described Gen Z and millennials—she said she calls them the “avocado toast consumer”—as being uniquely exposed due to a convergence of economic factors that threaten their resilience: rising costs, stagnant wages, unaffordable housing, and a waning safety net from pandemic-era benefits.
She added that she was “not surprised” by the recent disappointing jobs growth in August, attributing it to a hidden, weaker economy underlying the surface, with the avocado toast consumer at the heart of things.
Looking closely at consumption
Whitney points to decelerating and even negative consumer spending in key categories that comprise approximately 20% of the workforce, including hotel, hospitality, and retail sectors, as a primary indicator. She also suggests that current immigration policies are further pressuring these same categories by effectively removing a million non-native-born workers from the workforce. This combination, she believes, indicates a more fragile economic environment than widely perceived, and she anticipates the unemployment rate could climb into the “high fours” by the end of this year and into the next. By this, she meant unemployment of 4% and above, even approaching the 5% range. These are low by historical standards, but elevated from the 3% range from 2022 that was the lowest since the 1970s.
Her analysis dives deep into the U.S. consumer, a segment she finds “so granular.” Whitney has segmented consumers over the past five years, identifying a stark contrast between the “high-end consumer” and what she terms the “avocado toast consumer”. The latter group, primarily college-educated, high-spending individuals between 24 and 38 who often do not own homes but possess significant discretionary income, has been a key driver of the economy. This demographic stands in contrast to over 52% of households that have been “struggling.”
However, this affluent, younger cohort is now facing significant financial headwinds, she argued, largely due to the resumption of student-loan repayments and the impending roll-off of healthcare subsidies. Whitney explained that for nearly five years, there were no penalties for not paying student loans, creating a false sense of financial freedom. While a one-year “on-ramp” period without penalties beyond incurring interest was in place, repayments officially resumed in October 2024. Although many began paying, a substantial portion did not, with 25% of student loan holders and over 50% of the total student loan debt concentrated within the 24-38 age group.
For those who have resumed payments, the impact has already been felt, leading to suppressed spending evident in the poor performance of quick-service restaurants like Panera, Cava, and Sweetgreen. Whitney warns that the situation is poised to worsen, with impending wage garnishment for seriously delinquent student-loan debt set to further squeeze this cohort. Sweetgreen, to her point, cut its outlook for the last two quarters as same-store sales have fallen into a prolonged slump, with CEO Jonathan Neman shaking up the menu to lean into protein as he tries to give customers more bang for their “sad desk salad” buck.
More subsidies expiring
Adding to this pressure is the expiration of key healthcare subsidies at the end of the year. In response to COVID-19, the American Rescue Plan Act had subsidized healthcare premiums for individuals earning up to 400% over the poverty line, effectively providing an additional $300 a month in discretionary income for many. This benefit, combined with the pause on student loan payments, amounted to a “massive amount of discretionary spend” that will now disappear.
Whitney emphasizes that the cumulative effect of wage garnishment on student debt and the cessation of healthcare subsidies will create a “completely different type of headwind” next year, particularly for Gen Z and millennials. Companies have heavily focused their marketing efforts on these younger generations, who will now experience “real pressure on consumer spend.” Consequently, Whitney predicts that “Gen Z and Millennials will be very weak over the next year”.
For this story, Fortune used generative AI to help with an initial draft. An editor verified the accuracy of the information before publishing.