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百名美企顶级CEO谈特朗普:他在掏空美国经济

财富中文网 2025-09-25 00:02:28

百名美企顶级CEO谈特朗普:他在掏空美国经济
图片来源:Getty Images

最近,在一场大型的顶级CEO会议上,参会者以共和党人为主,而我们在会上听到的东西,可能会让你感到惊讶。尽管与会的很多CEO表示他们愿意支持特朗普,但也有越来越多的CEO在质疑,谁才是特朗普故意制造的这些困惑、恐慌和混乱漩涡的真正受益者?耶鲁大学首席执行官领导力研究所举办的CEO论坛,其参会者都是《财富》美国500强企业的CEO,该论坛以“查塔姆宫规则” 进行讨论,即参会者的所有发言内容都不会直接对外公开。本周是155届CEO论坛举办的日子。论坛的主会场离华盛顿的国会大厦只有几步之遥。来自民主共和两党的一些参议员,以及特朗普政府的一些官员也参加了这次论坛。有100多位来自全球最大企业和品牌的顶级商界领袖在会上得出了几乎完全一致的结论——特朗普的政策是行不通的。顺带一提,这些看法都是围绕企业业绩展开的,与个人政治立场和行业领域无关。

参加论坛的商界领袖们普遍担忧,特朗普正在掏空美国的经济体系,这套体系是美国花了好几十年才构建起来的,无论是共和党还是民主党执政,这套体系总是更利好美国而不是其他国家,但特朗普掏空它的目的,却只是为了换取短期利益。换句话说,特朗普正在掏空美国的经济基础和制度。他们表示,虽然他们也支持将制造业搬回美国,强化经济与国家安全,但是随着联邦调查局、中央情报局和五角大楼的能力日益削弱,他们对美国的国际地位也深感忧虑。

这种普遍的悲观情绪,与个别科技巨头对特朗普吹成了“敬爱领袖”的做法形成了鲜明反差——而后者当然无法直接代表整个美国商界领导层。

调查显示

在参会CEO中,有三分之二表示,美国的关税政策对他们的企业造成了损害。据他们估算,80%的关税成本由美国国内企业与消费者平均分担,剩余20%的关税成本则由外国合作方承担。这些美国企业曾试图通过供应链调整、业务重组、暂停招聘或大规模裁员等方式,避免将关税成本转嫁给消费者。但是现在,他们在特朗普关税新政前囤积的库存产品几乎耗尽,因此他们也几乎没有了其他的选择。

一家美国大型制造企业CEO向参会者表示:“如果美国政府想保护某些行业,就应该助力这些行业实现成功。不是说美国加征了一堆关税,这些行业就会自动转移到美国,而是必须要有激励措施……消费者想要的是低价产品……包括电动工具、手动工具、服装、运动鞋,等等……你把这些东西都放在美国制造,这真的合理吗?我认为不合理。我相信某些行业确实适合回流,但你指望每个行业都把生产线放在美国,这是不切实际的。”

Gap、福特(Ford)、史丹利百得、耐克、康尼格拉、宝洁、家得宝、百思买、梅西百货、塔吉特百货以及沃尔玛等美国大企业的领导者,最近都公开谈到了类似的问题。这本是一个“商业圆桌会议”(Business Roundtable)为其成员发声、直接有力地向特朗普政府提出挑战的绝佳机会,但该组织却令人费解地保持了沉默。因而不出所料,美国的通胀率再次上升,逆转了拜登政府下台时留给特朗普的通胀下行趋势,而且劳动力市场也持续疲软。

另外,特朗普虽然认为,制造业回流是美国经济的终极解决方案,但从事实来看,似乎除了他之外没有人这么想。自从特朗普发动新一轮关税战以来,仅有不到一半的CEO表示,他们已经增加了对美国国内制造业以及其他基础设施的投资。而认为这些资本投资能产生实质成果的CEO更是寥寥无几。

为何在特朗普第二任期,一切都在“过冬”

另外,随着特朗普第二任期内开启,所有企业都觉得他们头顶高悬着一种不确定性,这也是很多CEO表示他们选择“等待观望”的原因。就在论坛当天,在华盛顿的另一个地点,美联储主席杰罗姆・鲍威尔还指出,美国劳动力市场目前处于“低解雇、低招聘环境”。而我们也可以告诉他这背后的原因。

另外还有一个更扎心的问题摆在眼前。特朗普第一任期的经验让我们不禁要问,特朗普搞的那些“大新闻”,也就是一些重大的资本投资项目,成色究竟如何?是真正的新项目,还是什么人为了迎合特朗普,而搞出来的新瓶装旧酒的东西?在特朗普的第一任期,这种例子不胜枚举。比如富士康就曾豪言要投资100亿美元在威斯康星州建厂,这事儿到现在也没人提了。虽然特朗普声称有几千亿美元的国际资本正在流入美国,但他的这些话,有相当一部分是真实性存疑的。还有一些承诺则再次陷入了无限期的拖延。

有不少参会CEO都提到了类似的问题。一位在美国和海外都拥有大量制造业业务的知名商界领袖告诉大家,虽然他们渴望公平竞争,也支持特朗普制造业回流的目标,但是他们现在也只能通过拼命卷运营效率,加上《大而美法案》的税收优惠,来抵消一部分关税带来的成本上涨。有的CEO还表示,目前的关税成本仍远高于特朗普政府提供的优惠,这番话引发了在场人士的赞同。

另外让CEO们担心的是,这座“纸牌屋”很可能因为法院的判决逆转而随时崩塌。有近四分之三的受访高管表示,他们赞同法院裁定特朗普关税非法。若最高法院跟这些商界领袖想的一样,那么朝令夕改的关税政策势必又一次让美国企业进退失据。

还有一位美国本土制造业龙头企业的CEO解释了这种不确定性的破坏力。“制造业一向是美国的巨大优势。因此,我认为制造业回流是很重要的,政府的方向是对的……我们需要有一个公平的竞争环境,但我总是会担心,政府下一步会做什么。表面上看,关税风波似乎暂时平息了,但实际上,制造商的主要进口来源地是墨西哥、加拿大和中国,美国尚未与它们中的任何一个达成经贸协定。所以,你如果想对业务进行调整,你就会意识到,未来90天或120天的关税还会变化,我可不想到时候显得自己像个傻瓜,所以我会选择按兵不动。”

CEO们的担忧还延伸到了企业经营的问题以外。超过四分之三的人表示,特朗普向鲍威尔施压要求降息,并非出于美国的最佳利益。多数参会的CEO认为,特朗普已对美联储的独立性造成了长期损害,超过60%的CEO表示,这种损害是特朗普最近的政治化行为造成的。

美国一家大型跨国投行的负责人谈到,政府一方面强调“美国优先”,另一方面却在打击美联储的独立性,这实在令人费解。“如果你审视特朗普和本届政府所做的一切,他们的所作所为都是为了维护美元的全球储备货币地位……但我理解不了他们对美联储独立性的攻击。因为美联储的独立性,是确保美元维持全球储备货币地位的关键。因为人们都相信,美国总统的影响力不应该影响到美联储的独立性。”

特朗普值得肯定之处

当然,此次CEO论坛也并非全是悲观情绪。这些CEO们希望看到一个繁荣的美国,当特朗普的政策能够带来实际成果时,他们也会表示祝贺。上周,苹果公司CEO蒂姆·库克和康宁公司CEO魏文德在参加CNBC的一档节目时,就称赞特朗普促成了他们在肯塔基州的一个价值25亿美元的合作项目。在本次论坛上,也有一些人有类似感受。

还有一些CEO表示,他们仍然相信美国以及美式资本主义制度的前景。但是,特朗普政府有向“准社会主义的国家资本主义”转向的苗头,这一点令人难以忽视。在这种模式下,政府从私人股东手中攫取企业所有权,任人唯亲,甚至有可能出于政治考量和回扣,有选择地阻止企业进入一些战略性市场。有近四分之三的受访CEO表示,他们相信美式自由市场资本主义能够在全球AI竞赛中应对来自中国市场的挑战。同时,他们几乎一致地对特朗普政府“向左转”、偏离资本主义制度的做法表示不满。

对于特朗普近期干预市场的一些行为——比如收购英特尔和MP材料公司股权,要求英伟达和AMD将在华收入纳入利润分成协议,以及在日本制铁收购陷入困境的美国钢铁公司时强制要求获得“黄金股”(即否决权)等做法,参会CEO们明确表示反对。他们认为,这些行为不是“让美国再次伟大”的愿景中所描绘的美国。

这种对国家资本主义和保护主义的迎合,不仅让CEO们要面对更高的不确定性,也给中国“收编”这些美国企业的供应商和客户开了口子。在3月份的CEO论坛上,有85%的商界领袖认为,美国政府的不确定性,相当于在竞争层面给中国送了一份大礼。在上周的论坛上,他们表示,过去六个月的情况已证实了这一点。

另外,在3月份的论坛中,我们曾询问与会CEO们,是否认为当月在沙特举办的美俄乌三方谈判能够促成和平协议,当时有近四分之三的CEO认为,俄乌和平协议将在六个月内达成。遗憾的是,现在有超过四分之三的CEO认为,自特朗普二次上台以来,美国与俄罗斯和乌克兰的关系均已恶化。同样有近四分之三的高管表示,他们认为美国正面临失去“亚伯拉罕协议”在中东所取得的势头的风险。

CEO们在外交与经济问题上的不满,也与各类民调的结果一致。从益普索(Ipsos)、盖洛普(Gallup)和美联社,到爱默生学院、昆尼皮亚克大学和晨间咨询(Morning Consult)的民调,所有数据都传递出一个明确信息——美国民众强烈不认可特朗普的领导。特朗普目前的支持率已达到小布什以来的所有总统的最低水平。

在特朗普二次执政九个月后,美国商界已经清晰地表达了他们的诉求——特朗普要恢复对三权分立体系的尊重,强化与国际盟友的关系,尊重经济学家和科学家的独立客观地位,鼓励言论自由,停止胁迫任何国家、城市和企业达成充满憎恨且不符合经济规律的妥协。简而言之,CEO们呼吁的是:“让美国重新变回美国”。(*)

注:《财富》网站评论文章所表达的观点仅为作者个人看法,不一定反映《财富》杂志的观点与看法。

杰弗里・索南费尔德是耶鲁大学管理学院领导力实践教授,耶鲁大学首席执行官领导力研究所创始人。作为一名领导力与治理领域的学者,他创办了全球首个在职CEO学习机构,并曾为不同党派的五位美国总统提供咨询。

斯蒂芬・亨里克斯是耶鲁大学首席执行官领导力研究所高级研究员。他曾担任麦肯锡公司咨询顾问和康涅狄格州州长的政策分析师。

译者:朴成奎

最近,在一场大型的顶级CEO会议上,参会者以共和党人为主,而我们在会上听到的东西,可能会让你感到惊讶。尽管与会的很多CEO表示他们愿意支持特朗普,但也有越来越多的CEO在质疑,谁才是特朗普故意制造的这些困惑、恐慌和混乱漩涡的真正受益者?耶鲁大学首席执行官领导力研究所举办的CEO论坛,其参会者都是《财富》美国500强企业的CEO,该论坛以“查塔姆宫规则” 进行讨论,即参会者的所有发言内容都不会直接对外公开。本周是155届CEO论坛举办的日子。论坛的主会场离华盛顿的国会大厦只有几步之遥。来自民主共和两党的一些参议员,以及特朗普政府的一些官员也参加了这次论坛。有100多位来自全球最大企业和品牌的顶级商界领袖在会上得出了几乎完全一致的结论——特朗普的政策是行不通的。顺带一提,这些看法都是围绕企业业绩展开的,与个人政治立场和行业领域无关。

参加论坛的商界领袖们普遍担忧,特朗普正在掏空美国的经济体系,这套体系是美国花了好几十年才构建起来的,无论是共和党还是民主党执政,这套体系总是更利好美国而不是其他国家,但特朗普掏空它的目的,却只是为了换取短期利益。换句话说,特朗普正在掏空美国的经济基础和制度。他们表示,虽然他们也支持将制造业搬回美国,强化经济与国家安全,但是随着联邦调查局、中央情报局和五角大楼的能力日益削弱,他们对美国的国际地位也深感忧虑。

这种普遍的悲观情绪,与个别科技巨头对特朗普吹成了“敬爱领袖”的做法形成了鲜明反差——而后者当然无法直接代表整个美国商界领导层。

调查显示

在参会CEO中,有三分之二表示,美国的关税政策对他们的企业造成了损害。据他们估算,80%的关税成本由美国国内企业与消费者平均分担,剩余20%的关税成本则由外国合作方承担。这些美国企业曾试图通过供应链调整、业务重组、暂停招聘或大规模裁员等方式,避免将关税成本转嫁给消费者。但是现在,他们在特朗普关税新政前囤积的库存产品几乎耗尽,因此他们也几乎没有了其他的选择。

一家美国大型制造企业CEO向参会者表示:“如果美国政府想保护某些行业,就应该助力这些行业实现成功。不是说美国加征了一堆关税,这些行业就会自动转移到美国,而是必须要有激励措施……消费者想要的是低价产品……包括电动工具、手动工具、服装、运动鞋,等等……你把这些东西都放在美国制造,这真的合理吗?我认为不合理。我相信某些行业确实适合回流,但你指望每个行业都把生产线放在美国,这是不切实际的。”

Gap、福特(Ford)、史丹利百得、耐克、康尼格拉、宝洁、家得宝、百思买、梅西百货、塔吉特百货以及沃尔玛等美国大企业的领导者,最近都公开谈到了类似的问题。这本是一个“商业圆桌会议”(Business Roundtable)为其成员发声、直接有力地向特朗普政府提出挑战的绝佳机会,但该组织却令人费解地保持了沉默。因而不出所料,美国的通胀率再次上升,逆转了拜登政府下台时留给特朗普的通胀下行趋势,而且劳动力市场也持续疲软。

另外,特朗普虽然认为,制造业回流是美国经济的终极解决方案,但从事实来看,似乎除了他之外没有人这么想。自从特朗普发动新一轮关税战以来,仅有不到一半的CEO表示,他们已经增加了对美国国内制造业以及其他基础设施的投资。而认为这些资本投资能产生实质成果的CEO更是寥寥无几。

为何在特朗普第二任期,一切都在“过冬”

另外,随着特朗普第二任期内开启,所有企业都觉得他们头顶高悬着一种不确定性,这也是很多CEO表示他们选择“等待观望”的原因。就在论坛当天,在华盛顿的另一个地点,美联储主席杰罗姆・鲍威尔还指出,美国劳动力市场目前处于“低解雇、低招聘环境”。而我们也可以告诉他这背后的原因。

另外还有一个更扎心的问题摆在眼前。特朗普第一任期的经验让我们不禁要问,特朗普搞的那些“大新闻”,也就是一些重大的资本投资项目,成色究竟如何?是真正的新项目,还是什么人为了迎合特朗普,而搞出来的新瓶装旧酒的东西?在特朗普的第一任期,这种例子不胜枚举。比如富士康就曾豪言要投资100亿美元在威斯康星州建厂,这事儿到现在也没人提了。虽然特朗普声称有几千亿美元的国际资本正在流入美国,但他的这些话,有相当一部分是真实性存疑的。还有一些承诺则再次陷入了无限期的拖延。

有不少参会CEO都提到了类似的问题。一位在美国和海外都拥有大量制造业业务的知名商界领袖告诉大家,虽然他们渴望公平竞争,也支持特朗普制造业回流的目标,但是他们现在也只能通过拼命卷运营效率,加上《大而美法案》的税收优惠,来抵消一部分关税带来的成本上涨。有的CEO还表示,目前的关税成本仍远高于特朗普政府提供的优惠,这番话引发了在场人士的赞同。

另外让CEO们担心的是,这座“纸牌屋”很可能因为法院的判决逆转而随时崩塌。有近四分之三的受访高管表示,他们赞同法院裁定特朗普关税非法。若最高法院跟这些商界领袖想的一样,那么朝令夕改的关税政策势必又一次让美国企业进退失据。

还有一位美国本土制造业龙头企业的CEO解释了这种不确定性的破坏力。“制造业一向是美国的巨大优势。因此,我认为制造业回流是很重要的,政府的方向是对的……我们需要有一个公平的竞争环境,但我总是会担心,政府下一步会做什么。表面上看,关税风波似乎暂时平息了,但实际上,制造商的主要进口来源地是墨西哥、加拿大和中国,美国尚未与它们中的任何一个达成经贸协定。所以,你如果想对业务进行调整,你就会意识到,未来90天或120天的关税还会变化,我可不想到时候显得自己像个傻瓜,所以我会选择按兵不动。”

CEO们的担忧还延伸到了企业经营的问题以外。超过四分之三的人表示,特朗普向鲍威尔施压要求降息,并非出于美国的最佳利益。多数参会的CEO认为,特朗普已对美联储的独立性造成了长期损害,超过60%的CEO表示,这种损害是特朗普最近的政治化行为造成的。

美国一家大型跨国投行的负责人谈到,政府一方面强调“美国优先”,另一方面却在打击美联储的独立性,这实在令人费解。“如果你审视特朗普和本届政府所做的一切,他们的所作所为都是为了维护美元的全球储备货币地位……但我理解不了他们对美联储独立性的攻击。因为美联储的独立性,是确保美元维持全球储备货币地位的关键。因为人们都相信,美国总统的影响力不应该影响到美联储的独立性。”

特朗普值得肯定之处

当然,此次CEO论坛也并非全是悲观情绪。这些CEO们希望看到一个繁荣的美国,当特朗普的政策能够带来实际成果时,他们也会表示祝贺。上周,苹果公司CEO蒂姆·库克和康宁公司CEO魏文德在参加CNBC的一档节目时,就称赞特朗普促成了他们在肯塔基州的一个价值25亿美元的合作项目。在本次论坛上,也有一些人有类似感受。

还有一些CEO表示,他们仍然相信美国以及美式资本主义制度的前景。但是,特朗普政府有向“准社会主义的国家资本主义”转向的苗头,这一点令人难以忽视。在这种模式下,政府从私人股东手中攫取企业所有权,任人唯亲,甚至有可能出于政治考量和回扣,有选择地阻止企业进入一些战略性市场。有近四分之三的受访CEO表示,他们相信美式自由市场资本主义能够在全球AI竞赛中应对来自中国市场的挑战。同时,他们几乎一致地对特朗普政府“向左转”、偏离资本主义制度的做法表示不满。

对于特朗普近期干预市场的一些行为——比如收购英特尔和MP材料公司股权,要求英伟达和AMD将在华收入纳入利润分成协议,以及在日本制铁收购陷入困境的美国钢铁公司时强制要求获得“黄金股”(即否决权)等做法,参会CEO们明确表示反对。他们认为,这些行为不是“让美国再次伟大”的愿景中所描绘的美国。

这种对国家资本主义和保护主义的迎合,不仅让CEO们要面对更高的不确定性,也给中国“收编”这些美国企业的供应商和客户开了口子。在3月份的CEO论坛上,有85%的商界领袖认为,美国政府的不确定性,相当于在竞争层面给中国送了一份大礼。在上周的论坛上,他们表示,过去六个月的情况已证实了这一点。

另外,在3月份的论坛中,我们曾询问与会CEO们,是否认为当月在沙特举办的美俄乌三方谈判能够促成和平协议,当时有近四分之三的CEO认为,俄乌和平协议将在六个月内达成。遗憾的是,现在有超过四分之三的CEO认为,自特朗普二次上台以来,美国与俄罗斯和乌克兰的关系均已恶化。同样有近四分之三的高管表示,他们认为美国正面临失去“亚伯拉罕协议”在中东所取得的势头的风险。

CEO们在外交与经济问题上的不满,也与各类民调的结果一致。从益普索(Ipsos)、盖洛普(Gallup)和美联社,到爱默生学院、昆尼皮亚克大学和晨间咨询(Morning Consult)的民调,所有数据都传递出一个明确信息——美国民众强烈不认可特朗普的领导。特朗普目前的支持率已达到小布什以来的所有总统的最低水平。

在特朗普二次执政九个月后,美国商界已经清晰地表达了他们的诉求——特朗普要恢复对三权分立体系的尊重,强化与国际盟友的关系,尊重经济学家和科学家的独立客观地位,鼓励言论自由,停止胁迫任何国家、城市和企业达成充满憎恨且不符合经济规律的妥协。简而言之,CEO们呼吁的是:“让美国重新变回美国”。(*)

注:《财富》网站评论文章所表达的观点仅为作者个人看法,不一定反映《财富》杂志的观点与看法。

杰弗里・索南费尔德是耶鲁大学管理学院领导力实践教授,耶鲁大学首席执行官领导力研究所创始人。作为一名领导力与治理领域的学者,他创办了全球首个在职CEO学习机构,并曾为不同党派的五位美国总统提供咨询。

斯蒂芬・亨里克斯是耶鲁大学首席执行官领导力研究所高级研究员。他曾担任麦肯锡公司咨询顾问和康涅狄格州州长的政策分析师。

译者:朴成奎

We just hosted a large gathering of top CEOs, primarily Republicans, and you might be surprised by what we heard. While many of them have been willing to support the president out of patriotic duty—and dismay over some Democratic policies—they are increasingly questioning who truly stands to benefit from the maelstrom of chaos, fear, and confusion that he has intentionally created. The Yale Chief Executive Leadership Institute’s CEO forum gathers top political leaders with Fortune 500 CEOs for a Chatham House rules discussion where direct quotes are off the record. In Washington DC this week at the 155th gathering, as clouds swirled around the Capitol building just steps away, senators from both parties and some top Trump administration officials joined us. They had to face down the near unanimous verdict from over 100 top business leaders, representing some of the world’s largest companies and most iconic brands: Trump’s policies aren’t working. These opinions were all about business results, by the way: the reasoning was independent of personal politics or industry sector, it always came back to the bottom line.

Business leaders at our forum worry that Trump is undermining an economic system that took decades to build and has long benefited the U.S. more than any other country, under both Republican and Democratic administrations, all for short-term gains. They see what’s happening as a hollowing out of U.S. economic foundations and institutions. In this free-to-speak environment (a loaded topic these days), they said that while they approve of bringing manufacturing back to the U.S. and bolstering economic and national security, they fear for America’s international standing amid the degradation of national security at the FBI, the CIA, and the Pentagon.

This widespread sentiment is directly counter to the heavily trumpeted “Dear Leader” tributes of just a handful of tech titans, who are decidedly not representative of the leadership class.

Survey says

Two-thirds of the CEOs surveyed at our event said that U.S. tariffs have been harmful to their businesses. They estimate that 80% of the tariffs have been shared equally between domestic firms and U.S. consumers, with the remainder shouldered by foreign counterparts. Businesses have attempted to limit the cost of tariffs from being passed on by rerouting supply chains, reworking operations, instituting hiring pauses, or administering large-scale layoffs. But they have limited options left as inventories built up before the tariffs took effect continue to be depleted.

One CEO of a major U.S. manufacturing company explained to the group: “If the U.S. government wants to help protect certain industries, they need to help those industries be successful. It is not just putting a bunch of tariffs in place and assuming those industries are going to get moved to the U.S. There have to be incentives … Consumers want products to be low-cost … power tools, hand tools, clothing, sneakers … Does it really make sense to be manufacturing all that in the United States? I do not believe it does. I believe there are certain industries where it does make sense … but it is not realistic to expect every industry in the world to be manufacturing products in the U.S. for the U.S.”

The leaders of Gap, Ford, Stanley Black & Decker, Nike, Conagra, Procter & Gamble, Home Depot, Best Buy, Macy’s, Target, and Walmart are but a few of the many who have outlined similar dilemmas in recent public commentary. This is the perfect opportunity for the Business Roundtable to advocate for its members in a forceful, direct challenge to the administration, but it has been perplexingly muffled. As expected, inflation has increased, reversing the downward trend that Trump inherited from the Biden administration, and the labor market continues to weaken.

Unfortunately, rebuilding at home does not seem to be the solution Trump had hoped for. Fewer than half of the CEOs reported having increased investments in domestic manufacturing and other infrastructure since “Liberation Day,” and even fewer said they expected the results of their capital investments to be material.

Why everything is frozen in the Trump 2.0 economy

Then there’s the uncertainty that hangs over everyone’s business during the second Trump term, and why CEOs told us that they’re watching and waiting. Across town the same day, Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell described the “low firing, low hiring environment” in the labor market. We could have told him why.

As we saw in the first Trump administration, there is also the larger question of which major capital investment announcements are truly new, or whether they are old plans dusted off and repackaged to appease an exacting president. Past examples of widely celebrated manufacturing investments that petered out include the failed $10 billion Foxconn factory in Wisconsin. And while the president may still like to hold star-studded events celebrating the supposed hundreds of billions of dollars being invested in the U.S. because of him, the validity of some of those commitments has been called into question. Other pledges are once again encountering indefinite delays.

CEOs at our event repeated stories of similar quandaries. A well-known business leader with a significant manufacturing footprint in the U.S. and abroad told the group that while they want a level playing field and support the president’s goals in that regard, their company can only offset some of the tariff-related cost increases through operating efficiencies and tax benefits from the recently passed “One Big Beautiful Bill.” They added that for now, the cost of tariffs still far exceeds the benefits provided by the Trump administration, drawing murmurs of agreement from the room.

Just as frustrating for CEOs is the lingering sense that this entire house of cards might collapse at any moment due to a court reversal. Nearly three-quarters of all executives surveyed said they the courts are correct in saying Trump’s tariffs are illegal as implemented. If the Supreme Court agrees with those business leaders, then corporate America’s plans will be thrown into disarray again amid halting uncertainty.

Another leading CEO in the manufacturing sector, whose products are primarily made in America, explained just how debilitating this kind of uncertainty is for their company: “Manufacturing has always been a big advantage for America. So, I think bringing back manufacturing is important. The administration has it right … [We need a level] playing field in the United States … But I am always worried about what the government is going to do next. It seems like the tariffs have simmered down, but in reality, where manufacturers import from is Mexico, Canada, and China. None of those [trade deals] is settled. So, if you want to make a change in your business, you recognize tariffs are going to change in 90 days or 120 days. And I don’t want to look like a fool! So, I’m going to hold back.”

The worries of the group also extended beyond their business operations. More than three-quarters said Trump is not acting in America’s best interests by pressuring Jerome Powell to cut interest rates. The majority said they believe the president has done lasting damage to the independence of the Federal Reserve, and over 60% said they felt his recent actions of politicization are to blame.

The head of a major U.S. multinational investment bank discussed how perplexing it is to see the administration pursue an America-first agenda but then attack the independence of the Fed: “If you look at all the things that the President and this administration are doing, all of them are in service of keeping the U.S. dollar as the world’s reserve currency … The only thing that I have not been able to square with this administration is the attack on the Fed’s independence. That is such a critical part of making sure that the U.S. dollar remains the world’s reserve currency, because people trust that the Fed’s independence is the one area that is outside the presidential influence.”

Credit where it’s due

The CEO forum was not entirely pessimistic. The chief executives want to see a thriving America and they were quick to congratulate President Trump when his actions reap tangible results. On CNBC’s Mad Money with Jim Cramer last week, Apple CEO Tim Cook and Corning CEO Wendell Weeks credited Trump for encouraging their $2.5 billion partnership in Kentucky. A similar sentiment echoed at our event.

CEOs told us they still believe in the promise of the U.S. and its capitalist system, but it’s hard to ignore the Trump administration’s drift toward a quasi-socialist statism, seizing ownership from private shareholders, dictating staffing, and selectively blocking moves into strategic markets based upon politics and kickbacks. Nearly three-quarters of CEOs surveyed said they were confident that U.S. free-market capitalism can compete with China’s socialist market economy in the global AI contest, and they expressed a near-unanimous discontent as the Trump administration has veered away from the capitalist system.

The gathered CEOs firmly disapproved of the president’s recent market interventions by taking equity stakes in Intel and MP Materials, requiring a revenue sharing agreement for approval of Nvidia’s and AMD’s China-sourced revenues, and mandating a golden share for authorization of the Nippon Steel takeover of a failing U.S. Steel, feeling that his actions more closely resemble those of China than the America envisioned in “Make America Great Again.”

Such flirtation with state-driven capitalism and protectionism not only leaves CEOs facing heightened uncertainty, fearfully wondering what comes next, but also providing China an opening with their suppliers and customers. At our CEO forum in March, 85% of business leaders viewed U.S. government uncertainty as a gift to China in terms a competitive opportunity. They said this week that this has proved true over the last six months.

Similarly, in March, we asked whether the U.S.-Russia-Ukrainian peace talks happening that week in Saudi Arabia would lead to a peace agreement. Nearly three-quarters said that would happen within six months. Regrettably, over three-quarters of CEOs now see relations with Russia and Ukraine as worse since Trump took office. A similar proportion of executives said they thought we are at risk of losing the momentum gained in the Middle East from the Abraham Accords.

The CEO’s dismay across foreign relations and economic issues is consistent with general opinion polling across the board. From Ipsos, Gallup, and the Associated Press to Emerson College, Quinnipiac University, and Morning Consult, each set of data set sends a clear message: America sharply disapproves of President Trump’s leadership. His approval ratings are worse than those of any other president at this point in their tenure since President George W. Bush.

After nine months in office, there is a clear desire to return to a respect for the balance of powers in government, to reinforce international allies, to fortify independent, objective expertise of economists and scientists, to encourage freedom of voice, to stop bullying countries, cities, and companies into resentful, uneconomical compromises. In short, CEOs are calling to make America, America again.

The opinions expressed in Fortune.com commentary pieces are solely the views of their authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions and beliefs of Fortune.

Jeffrey Sonnenfeld is Lester Crown Professor of Leadership Practice at the Yale School of Management and founder of the Yale Chief Executive Leadership Institute. A leadership and governance scholar, he created the world’s first school for incumbent CEOs and he has advised five U.S. presidents across political parties.

Stephen Henriques is a senior research fellow of the Yale Chief Executive Leadership Institute. He was a consultant at McKinsey & Company and a policy analyst for the governor of Connecticut.

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