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浏览器大战重燃:人工智能引爆新战场

财富中文网 2025-10-15 23:01:03

浏览器大战重燃:人工智能引爆新战场
图片来源:Photo Illustration by May James—SOPA Images/LightRocket via Getty Images

在互联网早期,图形化网络浏览器之间的竞争异常激烈:网景导航者(Netscape Navigator)与微软(Microsoft)的IE浏览器(Internet Explorer)短兵相接。IE赢得这场对决后不久,在IE、Mozilla的火狐(Firefox)和谷歌(Google)的Chrome之间又爆发了市场份额争夺战。这一次,Chrome脱颖而出,成为主导者,在过去十年的大部分时间中,其市场份额都保持在60%以上,而排名第二的苹果(Apple)Safari则始终徘徊在15%左右。

但如今,人工智能正在颠覆浏览器市场格局。各家公司开始将生成式AI与代理式AI功能直接嵌入网络导航工具,由此引发新一轮激烈的用户争夺战:谷歌Chrome浏览器搭载其AI模型Gemini,功能增强,迎战新锐Perplexity的Comet AI浏览器,而曾在浏览器大战中败退的Opera等老牌厂商,也试图通过AI增强功能重振雄风。

近二十年来,除了一些小幅改进,基本的浏览体验几乎没有变化。用户在导航栏输入网址或搜索查询(这是Opera最早开创的功能,但很快被谷歌复制),浏览器便会跳转至目标网址或搜索结果页面,显示一系列链接。用户点击链接,浏览器即会载入对应网页。

如今,科技公司押注用户需要一种全新的体验:浏览器不仅能提供链接列表,还能回答问题,并且能突破网页导航的局限,为用户提供更多功能,在用户所访问的网页上为用户执行更多操作,例如预订旅行或完成购物等。

伦敦大学学院人机交互中心(UCL Interaction Centre)助理教授乔治·查尔胡布在接受《财富》杂志采访时表示:“这或许是自浏览器成为互联网入口以来最重大的变革。30年来,浏览器的核心功能就是导航:输入、点击、探索。如今AI正在颠覆这一模式,实现从‘浏览’到‘委托’的跨越。”

包括Perplexity和Opera在内的科技公司,已经推出了能够代表用户执行任务的代理式AI浏览器。Perplexity的Comet浏览器将网页浏览器与内置AI智能体结合,能够阅读页面内容、总结信息,甚至执行预约或发送电子邮件等多步骤操作。Opera的Neon浏览器也添加了类似功能,如可代表用户执行操作的“Do”,以及用于存储自定义工作流和提示词以便重复使用的“Cards”功能。

Opera浏览器业务执行副总裁克里斯蒂安·科隆德拉在接受《财富》杂志采访时表示:“浏览器大战已经打响,竞争日趋白热化,因为当今浏览器已成为应用程序的操作系统。浏览器领域极其重要,因为它比操作系统本身更了解在你在页面上进行的操作。”

人工智能驱动的浏览愿景,正在重塑传统浏览器的定位——它不仅是网络访问工具,更是AI智能体运行的主要界面。

开源AI公司Sentent的联合创始人希曼舒·塔亚吉表示:“搜索的概念已被彻底颠覆。它不再是指向你可以找到答案或执行操作的地方,而是直接提供答案并执行操作。我们正迈向某种‘暗网’时代,其意义不在于服务人类,而是供机器人获取和处理信息。机器人执行任务,再将最终结果交给人类。”

如果说第三轮浏览器大战已经打响,那么这一次的战场与以往的争夺战截然不同。当年的主要竞争点是速度和标签管理,而本轮竞争的焦点在于哪家公司能在应对日益严峻的隐私问题的同时,提供最无缝的AI驱动体验,并说服用户改变长期形成的习惯。尽管谷歌等巨头仍占据主导地位,但灵活的新锐公司正在不断突破浏览器功能的极限。

第三轮浏览器大战

第二轮浏览器大战以谷歌Chrome确立统治地位告终,这主要得益于其速度优势以及与更广泛谷歌生态系统的整合。如今,大多数浏览器也都基于Chromium这一免费开源网络浏览器项目,而该项目主要由谷歌开发和维护。Chromium实际上是一个后台系统,决定浏览器如何通过谷歌维护的网页索引找到特定网址,以及如何呈现该网页。

尽管谷歌仍主导搜索市场,并已着手将AI融入搜索体验,但其市场份额却在持续下滑。根据高临(Third Bridge)分析师的数据,今年7月,谷歌全球搜索市场份额十年来首次跌破90%。

这可能要归因于Perplexity 等AI搜索引擎的崛起,或来自OpenAI的ChatGPT等AI聊天机器人的竞争。后者于去年10月推出了自己的搜索工具。根据投行Evercore ISI去年进行的一项调查,选择ChatGPT作为首选搜索提供商的受访者比例从四个月前的1%上升至5%。

尽管如此,Chrome作为浏览器的受欢迎程度并未出现明显下降。即便人们将搜索查询发送至ChatGPT或Perplexity,当他们在电脑上使用这些服务时,大多数情况下仍然是通过Chrome的标签页进行操作。

鉴于从零开始构建浏览器的技术复杂性和高昂成本,大多数AI公司不太可能开发自己的后台网页索引。当前市场上几乎所有的“AI浏览器”,包括Perplexity的Comet浏览器,均基于Chromium构建。

从零开始构建浏览器极其复杂且需耗费海量资源。公司必须重构所有模块,包括网页呈现机制、内存管理,加密系统、沙箱机制、视频播放以及持续安全补丁更新等。即便是曾经在浏览器领域与谷歌激烈竞争的微软,最终也放弃了自研引擎,转而基于Chromium重建Edge浏览器。

查尔胡布表示:“这简直就是在浪费时间做无用功。我不认为会有任何公司从零开始开发浏览器。”

统一界面

但AI公司为何如此热衷于拥有自己的浏览器?例如,今年早些时候,Perplexity主动提出以345亿美元的高价收购谷歌Chrome浏览器,此举令人感到十分震惊。

Perplexity首席商务官德米特里·谢韦连科今年早些时候对《财富》杂志表示:“浏览器是我们日常在电脑上的主要工作界面。这是一个极其强大的平台,在为用户创造价值方面,它为我们提供了更广阔的空间……这要求我们更了解用户及其使用场景。”

这些企业真正觊觎的并非网页导航功能,而是掌控通往用户整个数字生活的入口,包括大量基于网络的软件应用。大多数公司笃信,当AI智能体能够访问用户完整的生态系统,如电子邮件、日历、消息和文档等,并能在其中无缝执行任务时,才能释放AI的真正价值。

Sentent联合创始人希曼舒·塔亚吉表示:“业内存在所谓‘万能应用’的构想。只有当AI通过一个统一界面无处不在时,才能展现出它的魔力。如果你必须在眼镜、手机、笔记本电脑上分别使用不同应用,那就不是完整体验。AI真正的魔力在于存在一个随行而至、始终感知使用场景的统一界面。”

大多数AI公司都在研发自主运行的辅助工具,目标是让它们能够在用户的各种应用之间流畅切换。但它们采取的实现路径各不相同。

OpenAI似乎正试图将ChatGPT定位为这种通用界面,但并非通过浏览器,而是通过将第三方应用直接整合进聊天机器人,使用户无需离开对话即可执行搜索、购物、规划旅行和管理文件等操作。

然而,改变用户习惯绝非易事,用户浏览网页的行为模式已根深蒂固。

伦敦大学学院人机交互中心的助理教授乔治·查尔胡布表示:“改变用户习惯需要时间,尤其是像网络浏览方式这种基础行为。对大多数人而言,浏览器是我们使用时间最长、最熟悉的在线工具。从实际体验角度来看,我们对它的信任源于它的稳定性和可预测性。”

不过,查尔胡布指出,往往是一些细微的便利功能推动了重大的行为转变。“如果一款AI浏览器能逐步节省时间、自动预订旅行或总结文章内容,我认为人们的适应速度会超出我们的预期。”

在许多方面,AI驱动的浏览器(如Comet浏览器或谷歌Chrome中的Gemini)是一种混合体或过渡形式,介于“聊天机器人作为通用界面(用户完全无法直接访问网络)”与“传统的人类驱动的网页浏览体验”之间。AI浏览器的优势在于,它让人类和AI模型以完全相同的方式访问网络,甚至可以同步进行:智能体可以与用户协同工作,或智能体在一个标签页中处理某个流程,而用户在另一个标签页中处理不同任务。借助网页浏览器,无需创建全新的协议来让AI模型与第三方内容和数据交互,例如Anthropic的模型上下文协议(Model Context Protocol,MCP),该协议目前被用于支持许多聊天机器人的“智能体”体验。

隐私问题

相比传统搜索引擎,代理式AI浏览器能够访问更多用户数据,这带来了一系列隐私方面的担忧。这些工具的设计机制能洞察到用户的更多在线行为,甚至能推断用户的行为动机。

查尔胡布表示:“浏览器向来是强大的数据收集工具,在加入AI要素后,这种能力会成倍增强。AI驱动的浏览器不仅观察用户行为,还能推断用户的意图、习惯乃至情绪。每一个提示或摘要都成为关于用户的数据点,因此必须以负责任的方式处理这些信息,不能将其用于广告推送或用户画像分析。”

查尔胡布还警告称,AI的加入使得用户更难追踪自己的数据流向。“这无疑是隐私风险,并不是因为AI本身有害,而是因为它在一个地方集中掌握了更多场景信息和意图。因此企业必须在这方面承担责任。”

目前尚不清楚用户与AI聊天机器人对话的保密程度。例如,OpenAI首席执行官萨姆·奥尔特曼最近警告称,如果收到传票,用户目前与ChatGPT的对话不受任何法律保护。允许AI智能体浏览电子邮件、短信和其他高度敏感的数据,稍有不慎可能会暴露极其私密的信息,从而引发用户对自身数据控制权的严重质疑。

科技公司也意识到AI智能体带来的新隐私风险。Opera的科隆德拉表示,Opera的Neon浏览器仅在用户请求时处理数据,例如在总结页面内容时,并且所有请求均为端到端加密。他补充道:“我们不会使用这些数据来训练我们的模型。”(*)

译者:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

在互联网早期,图形化网络浏览器之间的竞争异常激烈:网景导航者(Netscape Navigator)与微软(Microsoft)的IE浏览器(Internet Explorer)短兵相接。IE赢得这场对决后不久,在IE、Mozilla的火狐(Firefox)和谷歌(Google)的Chrome之间又爆发了市场份额争夺战。这一次,Chrome脱颖而出,成为主导者,在过去十年的大部分时间中,其市场份额都保持在60%以上,而排名第二的苹果(Apple)Safari则始终徘徊在15%左右。

但如今,人工智能正在颠覆浏览器市场格局。各家公司开始将生成式AI与代理式AI功能直接嵌入网络导航工具,由此引发新一轮激烈的用户争夺战:谷歌Chrome浏览器搭载其AI模型Gemini,功能增强,迎战新锐Perplexity的Comet AI浏览器,而曾在浏览器大战中败退的Opera等老牌厂商,也试图通过AI增强功能重振雄风。

近二十年来,除了一些小幅改进,基本的浏览体验几乎没有变化。用户在导航栏输入网址或搜索查询(这是Opera最早开创的功能,但很快被谷歌复制),浏览器便会跳转至目标网址或搜索结果页面,显示一系列链接。用户点击链接,浏览器即会载入对应网页。

如今,科技公司押注用户需要一种全新的体验:浏览器不仅能提供链接列表,还能回答问题,并且能突破网页导航的局限,为用户提供更多功能,在用户所访问的网页上为用户执行更多操作,例如预订旅行或完成购物等。

伦敦大学学院人机交互中心(UCL Interaction Centre)助理教授乔治·查尔胡布在接受《财富》杂志采访时表示:“这或许是自浏览器成为互联网入口以来最重大的变革。30年来,浏览器的核心功能就是导航:输入、点击、探索。如今AI正在颠覆这一模式,实现从‘浏览’到‘委托’的跨越。”

包括Perplexity和Opera在内的科技公司,已经推出了能够代表用户执行任务的代理式AI浏览器。Perplexity的Comet浏览器将网页浏览器与内置AI智能体结合,能够阅读页面内容、总结信息,甚至执行预约或发送电子邮件等多步骤操作。Opera的Neon浏览器也添加了类似功能,如可代表用户执行操作的“Do”,以及用于存储自定义工作流和提示词以便重复使用的“Cards”功能。

Opera浏览器业务执行副总裁克里斯蒂安·科隆德拉在接受《财富》杂志采访时表示:“浏览器大战已经打响,竞争日趋白热化,因为当今浏览器已成为应用程序的操作系统。浏览器领域极其重要,因为它比操作系统本身更了解在你在页面上进行的操作。”

人工智能驱动的浏览愿景,正在重塑传统浏览器的定位——它不仅是网络访问工具,更是AI智能体运行的主要界面。

开源AI公司Sentent的联合创始人希曼舒·塔亚吉表示:“搜索的概念已被彻底颠覆。它不再是指向你可以找到答案或执行操作的地方,而是直接提供答案并执行操作。我们正迈向某种‘暗网’时代,其意义不在于服务人类,而是供机器人获取和处理信息。机器人执行任务,再将最终结果交给人类。”

如果说第三轮浏览器大战已经打响,那么这一次的战场与以往的争夺战截然不同。当年的主要竞争点是速度和标签管理,而本轮竞争的焦点在于哪家公司能在应对日益严峻的隐私问题的同时,提供最无缝的AI驱动体验,并说服用户改变长期形成的习惯。尽管谷歌等巨头仍占据主导地位,但灵活的新锐公司正在不断突破浏览器功能的极限。

第三轮浏览器大战

第二轮浏览器大战以谷歌Chrome确立统治地位告终,这主要得益于其速度优势以及与更广泛谷歌生态系统的整合。如今,大多数浏览器也都基于Chromium这一免费开源网络浏览器项目,而该项目主要由谷歌开发和维护。Chromium实际上是一个后台系统,决定浏览器如何通过谷歌维护的网页索引找到特定网址,以及如何呈现该网页。

尽管谷歌仍主导搜索市场,并已着手将AI融入搜索体验,但其市场份额却在持续下滑。根据高临(Third Bridge)分析师的数据,今年7月,谷歌全球搜索市场份额十年来首次跌破90%。

这可能要归因于Perplexity 等AI搜索引擎的崛起,或来自OpenAI的ChatGPT等AI聊天机器人的竞争。后者于去年10月推出了自己的搜索工具。根据投行Evercore ISI去年进行的一项调查,选择ChatGPT作为首选搜索提供商的受访者比例从四个月前的1%上升至5%。

尽管如此,Chrome作为浏览器的受欢迎程度并未出现明显下降。即便人们将搜索查询发送至ChatGPT或Perplexity,当他们在电脑上使用这些服务时,大多数情况下仍然是通过Chrome的标签页进行操作。

鉴于从零开始构建浏览器的技术复杂性和高昂成本,大多数AI公司不太可能开发自己的后台网页索引。当前市场上几乎所有的“AI浏览器”,包括Perplexity的Comet浏览器,均基于Chromium构建。

从零开始构建浏览器极其复杂且需耗费海量资源。公司必须重构所有模块,包括网页呈现机制、内存管理,加密系统、沙箱机制、视频播放以及持续安全补丁更新等。即便是曾经在浏览器领域与谷歌激烈竞争的微软,最终也放弃了自研引擎,转而基于Chromium重建Edge浏览器。

查尔胡布表示:“这简直就是在浪费时间做无用功。我不认为会有任何公司从零开始开发浏览器。”

统一界面

但AI公司为何如此热衷于拥有自己的浏览器?例如,今年早些时候,Perplexity主动提出以345亿美元的高价收购谷歌Chrome浏览器,此举令人感到十分震惊。

Perplexity首席商务官德米特里·谢韦连科今年早些时候对《财富》杂志表示:“浏览器是我们日常在电脑上的主要工作界面。这是一个极其强大的平台,在为用户创造价值方面,它为我们提供了更广阔的空间……这要求我们更了解用户及其使用场景。”

这些企业真正觊觎的并非网页导航功能,而是掌控通往用户整个数字生活的入口,包括大量基于网络的软件应用。大多数公司笃信,当AI智能体能够访问用户完整的生态系统,如电子邮件、日历、消息和文档等,并能在其中无缝执行任务时,才能释放AI的真正价值。

Sentent联合创始人希曼舒·塔亚吉表示:“业内存在所谓‘万能应用’的构想。只有当AI通过一个统一界面无处不在时,才能展现出它的魔力。如果你必须在眼镜、手机、笔记本电脑上分别使用不同应用,那就不是完整体验。AI真正的魔力在于存在一个随行而至、始终感知使用场景的统一界面。”

大多数AI公司都在研发自主运行的辅助工具,目标是让它们能够在用户的各种应用之间流畅切换。但它们采取的实现路径各不相同。

OpenAI似乎正试图将ChatGPT定位为这种通用界面,但并非通过浏览器,而是通过将第三方应用直接整合进聊天机器人,使用户无需离开对话即可执行搜索、购物、规划旅行和管理文件等操作。

然而,改变用户习惯绝非易事,用户浏览网页的行为模式已根深蒂固。

伦敦大学学院人机交互中心的助理教授乔治·查尔胡布表示:“改变用户习惯需要时间,尤其是像网络浏览方式这种基础行为。对大多数人而言,浏览器是我们使用时间最长、最熟悉的在线工具。从实际体验角度来看,我们对它的信任源于它的稳定性和可预测性。”

不过,查尔胡布指出,往往是一些细微的便利功能推动了重大的行为转变。“如果一款AI浏览器能逐步节省时间、自动预订旅行或总结文章内容,我认为人们的适应速度会超出我们的预期。”

在许多方面,AI驱动的浏览器(如Comet浏览器或谷歌Chrome中的Gemini)是一种混合体或过渡形式,介于“聊天机器人作为通用界面(用户完全无法直接访问网络)”与“传统的人类驱动的网页浏览体验”之间。AI浏览器的优势在于,它让人类和AI模型以完全相同的方式访问网络,甚至可以同步进行:智能体可以与用户协同工作,或智能体在一个标签页中处理某个流程,而用户在另一个标签页中处理不同任务。借助网页浏览器,无需创建全新的协议来让AI模型与第三方内容和数据交互,例如Anthropic的模型上下文协议(Model Context Protocol,MCP),该协议目前被用于支持许多聊天机器人的“智能体”体验。

隐私问题

相比传统搜索引擎,代理式AI浏览器能够访问更多用户数据,这带来了一系列隐私方面的担忧。这些工具的设计机制能洞察到用户的更多在线行为,甚至能推断用户的行为动机。

查尔胡布表示:“浏览器向来是强大的数据收集工具,在加入AI要素后,这种能力会成倍增强。AI驱动的浏览器不仅观察用户行为,还能推断用户的意图、习惯乃至情绪。每一个提示或摘要都成为关于用户的数据点,因此必须以负责任的方式处理这些信息,不能将其用于广告推送或用户画像分析。”

查尔胡布还警告称,AI的加入使得用户更难追踪自己的数据流向。“这无疑是隐私风险,并不是因为AI本身有害,而是因为它在一个地方集中掌握了更多场景信息和意图。因此企业必须在这方面承担责任。”

目前尚不清楚用户与AI聊天机器人对话的保密程度。例如,OpenAI首席执行官萨姆·奥尔特曼最近警告称,如果收到传票,用户目前与ChatGPT的对话不受任何法律保护。允许AI智能体浏览电子邮件、短信和其他高度敏感的数据,稍有不慎可能会暴露极其私密的信息,从而引发用户对自身数据控制权的严重质疑。

科技公司也意识到AI智能体带来的新隐私风险。Opera的科隆德拉表示,Opera的Neon浏览器仅在用户请求时处理数据,例如在总结页面内容时,并且所有请求均为端到端加密。他补充道:“我们不会使用这些数据来训练我们的模型。”(*)

译者:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

The early days of the internet saw intense competition between graphical web browsers: Netscape Navigator faced off against Microsoft’s Internet Explorer. No sooner had Explorer won that conflict than a new war for marketshare erupted between Explorer, Mozilla’s Firefox, and Google Chrome. This time Chrome emerged as the dominant player, with a marketshare that has been above 60% for most of the past decade, while the next closest rival, Apple’s Safari, has been stuck in the mid-teens.

But now, AI is shaking up the browser market, with companies beginning to incorporate new generative and agentic AI capabilities directly into the web navigation tool. That in turn is sparking a fierce new war for users, with Google Chrome, now enhanced with Google’s AI model Gemini, fighting upstarts like Perplexity, with its Comet AI browser, and battered veterans of past browser fights, like Opera, trying to get their mojo back with AI enhancements too.

For nearly two decades, the basic browsing experience, aside from a few minor improvements, remained largely unchanged. Users typed a url in the navigation bar, or typed a search query in that same space—a feature that Opera first pioneered but which was soon copied by Google—and the browser takes the user to that web address or a search results page, which displays a list of links. Click on a link and the browser takes you to that web page.

Now, tech companies are betting that users want a new kind of experience: a browser that can answer questions, not just provide a list of links, and that can do far more than just navigate a user to a web page—one that can perform tasks for the user on that page, such as booking travel or completing a purchase.

“This is probably the biggest shift since we’ve seen the browser itself become the gateway to the internet. For 30 years, the browser was about navigation. Type, click, explore. Now, with AI, it’s changing the model completely. It’s moving from browsing to delegating,” George Chalhoub, assistant professor at UCL Interaction Centre, told Fortune.

Tech companies, including Perplexity and Opera, have already launched agentic AI browsers that can perform tasks on behalf of users. Perplexity’s Comet combines a web browser with a built-in AI agent that can read pages, summarize information, and even perform multi-step actions, such as booking appointments or sending emails. Similarly, Opera’s Neon introduces features like “Do,” which can carry out actions on a user’s behalf, and “Cards,” which store custom workflows and prompts for repeated use.

“The browser wars are starting and the competition is heating up because browsers today are the operating system of your applications,” Krystian Kolondra, EVP Browsers at Opera, told Fortune. “The browser world is extremely important because it is more aware than the operating system itself about what’s happening on your pages.”

The vision for AI-powered browsing reframes the traditional browser as not just a tool for access, but as the primary interface through which AI agents operate.

“The whole notion of search changed. It’s not to point to the place where you can find your answer or do your thing, but to give you that answer and do that thing,” Himanshu Tyagi, co-founder of the open-source AI company Sentent, said. “We are moving to sort of a dark internet, in the sense that it’s not meant for just humans. It’s meant for bots to consume and process information. Bots do things and give humans the final thing.”

If the third round of browser wars is already underway, the battlefield looks very different from the days when the main axes of competition were things like speed and tab management. This time, it’s about which company can deliver the most seamless AI-powered experience while navigating heightened privacy issues and convincing users to change long-established habits. While major players like Google still dominate, nimble newcomers are testing the limits of what a browser can do.

The third browser wars

The second round of browser wars concluded with Google Chrome’s dominance, mostly due to its speed and integration with the wider Google ecosystem. Most browsers are now also underpinned by Chromium, a free and open-source web browser project, which was primarily developed and maintained by Google. Chromium is essentially a back-end system that determines how a browser goes out to find a particular web address, using an index of web pages Google maintains, and how it renders that web page.

While Google still dominates the search market and has taken steps to integrate AI into the search experience, its market share has been slipping. According to analysts at Third Bridge, in July, Google’s global search market share dropped below 90% for the first time in 10 years.

This could be due to the increased popularity of AI search engines like Perplexity or competition from AI chatbots like OpenAI’s ChatGPT, which launched its own Search tool in October last year. In a survey from brokerage firm Evercore ISI conducted last year, ChatGPT respondents saying ChatGPT was their top search provider increased to 5% from 1% four months prior.

That said, the popularity of Chome as a browser has not noticeably declined. While people may be sending their search queries to ChatGPT or Perplexity, when they use those services on desktop, they are mostly still using a tab in Chrome to do so.

And given the technical complexity and cost of building a browser from scratch, most AI companies are unlikely to develop their own back-end web indexing. Nearly every “AI browser” on the market today, including Perplexity’s Comet, is built on Chromium.

Building a browser entirely from scratch is complex and resource-heavy. To do so, a company would have to recreate everything from how web pages are rendered and memory is managed, to encryption systems, sandboxing, video playback, and constant security patching. Even Microsoft, once Google’s fiercest rival in the browser space, eventually abandoned its own engine and rebuilt Edge on Chromium.

“It’s literally reinventing the wheel,” Chalhoub said. “I don’t see any company building its browser from scratch.”

A unified interface

But why are AI companies so keen to have a browser of their own? Perplexity, for example, raised eyebrows earlier this year when it made an unsolicited cash offer of $34.5 billion for Google Chrome.

“The browser is what we live in during the day on our desktop devices,” Dmitry Shevelenko, Chief Business Officer of Perplexity, told Fortune earlier this year. “It’s just an incredibly powerful canvas, and in terms of being able to create value for users, it gives us a much bigger surface area… it requires us to know more about you and have more context.”

The real prize for these companies isn’t web navigation; it’s control of the gateway to the rest of users’ digital lives, including a lot of other web-based software applications. Most companies are betting that the true value of AI will be unlocked when AI agents have access to a user’s entire ecosystem—emails, calendar, messages, and documents—and can perform tasks across them seamlessly.

“There’s this myth of the ‘everything app,’” Tyagi said. “AI is only magical when it’s everywhere with you in a single, unified interface. If you have to use one app for your glasses, another on your phone, and another on your laptop, that’s not a complete experience. The magic is when there’s one interface that goes with you everywhere and is always engaging with your context.”

Most AI companies are working on autonomous assistants with the aim of getting them moving fluidly between a user’s various applications. But they are pursuing varying approaches to accomplish this.

OpenAI appears to be trying to position ChatGPT as a version of this universal interface, not through a browser, but by integrating third-party apps directly into the chatbot so users can search, shop, plan travel, and manage files without ever leaving the conversation.

But changing user habits is never easy, and the idea of browsing the web is deeply ingrained in users.

“Changing user habits takes time, especially when it comes to something as fundamental as how we explore the web,” Chalhoub said. “For most people, the browser is the oldest and most familiar tool we use online. In terms of physical experience, we trust it so much because it’s stable and predictable.”

However, Chalhoub noted that it’s often small conveniences that drive major behavioral shifts. “If an AI browser can slowly start saving me time, booking travel automatically, or summarizing articles, I think people will adapt much faster than we expect.”

In many ways, AI-enabled browsers, such as Comet or Gemini in Chrome, are a hybrid, or half-way house, between the idea of chatbots as the universal interface, where a human user has no direct access to the web at all, and the traditional, human-driven web browsing experience. The advantage of an AI browser is that it lets both the human and AI model access the web in exactly the same way—even at the same time, with the agent able to work alongside a person, or work on one process in one tab while the human user works on a different task in another. With the web browser, there’s no need to create an entirely new protocol through which the AI model interacts with the content and data of third-parties, such as Anthropic’s Model Context Protocol (MCP), which is being used to power a lot of “agentic” experiences in chatbots.

The privacy problem

Agentic AI browsers have access to much more user data than traditional search engines, which brings about a host of privacy concerns. By design, these tools see far more of what users do online, and can even infer why a user is acting in certain ways.

“Browsers have always been powerful data collection tools, and when you add AI to the mix, that power multiplies,” Chalhoub said. “An AI-powered browser doesn’t just observe your behavior; it can infer your intentions, habits, and even your mood. Every prompt or summary becomes a data point about you, so the information has to be handled responsibly and not used for advertising or profiling.”

Chalhoub also warned that with AI in the loop, it makes it much harder for users to know where their data goes. “It’s definitely a privacy risk, not because AI is inherently bad, but it has more context and intention in one place. So companies really have to be responsible in this regard,” he said.

It’s already unclear how far a user’s conversations with AI chatbots are confidential. For example, OpenAI CEO Sam Altman recently warned that users currently have no legal protection over their ChatGPT conversations if subpoenaed. Letting an AI agent crawl through emails, texts, and other highly sensitive data could risk exposing deeply personal information if not handled carefully, raising serious questions about how much control users really have over their own data.

Tech companies, for their part, are aware of the new risks around privacy introduced by AI agents. Kolondra said that Opera’s Neon only processes data when users ask it to, like when summarizing a page, and all requests are end-to-end encrypted. “We don’t use that data to train our models,” he added.

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