
美国最高法院近期就一起案件听取了双方辩论,该案将裁定总统是否越权——其援引古老战争法对全球几乎所有国家及各类产品征收关税的行为是否违法。尽管白宫律师在大法官面前调整了辩护策略,但在此之前,政府为这场贸易战提出的辩护理由之一是:征收关税是必要举措,原因是关税能为国家带来可观的收入,可用于改善社会保障和联邦医疗保险的财政前景。
无论政府是否确实将关税收入视为实现更大目标的“附带收益”,事实是,这些关税根本无法改变国家债务或福利项目的发展轨迹。在多数情况下,甚至可能让情况变得更糟。
为了经济发展,最高法院应制止这种滥用权力的行为。
白宫官员在向法院提交的正式陈述中声称,若法院裁定总统无权援引《国际紧急经济权力法》(IEEPA)单方面征收关税,由此造成的财政损失将“导致国家财政陷入崩溃”。
实事求是地说,若最高法院做出不利于白宫的裁决,确实会对财政产生负面影响。美国税收基金会发现,若继续援引《国际紧急经济权力法》征收关税,未来十年将带来约1.8万亿美元收入。尽管共和党人曾对如此规模的增税举措表示反对,但此次增税举措需结合关税引发的其他弊端综合考量。
首先,据我们估算,特朗普政府发起的贸易战将导致美国经济萎缩近0.4%。仅这一冲击,就会使关税的潜在收入减少逾4000亿美元。总体而言,纵观未来十年的财政收入前景,即便在最理想的情况下,援引《国际紧急经济权力法》征收关税带来的收入占国家总收入的比例也不到2%。
这笔资金根本无法解决社会保障和联邦医疗保险面临的严峻前景。
由于2017年特朗普减税政策通过今年的《大而美法案》(OBBBA)得以延续,到2034年,美国公共债务占国内生产总值的比例将从基准预测值117.1%攀升至124.6%。即便在此期间援引《国际紧急经济权力法》全面征收关税,债务比率也仅能降至122.3%。
这些预测令人震惊且不寒而栗。未来数年,美国公共债务占国内生产总值的比例将创下历史新高,而援引《国际紧急经济权力法》征收关税收效甚微。若无重大政策调整,联邦医疗保险和社会保障信托基金将在2033年耗尽。
社会保障和联邦医疗保险由工资税提供资金支持,这意味着我们需要活跃且不断增长的劳动力来维持其运转。但援引《国际紧急经济权力法》征收关税却适得其反:在不考虑其他国家采取报复措施的情况下,我们估算这些增税措施将导致近42.8万个工作岗位流失。
重大问题需要重大解决方案。总统认为其发起的贸易战能改善国家财政前景,这种想法或许值得赞赏。若解决社会保障和联邦医疗保险危机只需注入更多资金,那么关税或许值得纳入讨论范畴。
但在这场辩论中,显而易见的是,这种权衡所付出的代价远超风险收益。
这场贸易战正在摧毁就业岗位,损害外交关系,更成为美国史上规模最大的增税措施之一——平均每个家庭每年需额外负担1300美元。
援引《国际紧急经济权力法》征收关税无法挽救美国的福利项目,这或许正是白宫律师在大法官面前不再强调其收入论点的原因。但这些关税仍将对美国劳动力市场和民众钱包造成新一轮打击。限制总统单方面实施重大增税举措权力,无疑是广受认可的裁决。
本文作者丹尼尔·邦恩(Daniel Bunn)担任美国税收基金会(Tax Foundation)主席兼首席执行官。
Fortune.com上发表的评论文章中表达的观点,仅代表作者本人的观点,不代表《财富》杂志的观点和立场。
译者:中慧言-王芳(*)
美国最高法院近期就一起案件听取了双方辩论,该案将裁定总统是否越权——其援引古老战争法对全球几乎所有国家及各类产品征收关税的行为是否违法。尽管白宫律师在大法官面前调整了辩护策略,但在此之前,政府为这场贸易战提出的辩护理由之一是:征收关税是必要举措,原因是关税能为国家带来可观的收入,可用于改善社会保障和联邦医疗保险的财政前景。
无论政府是否确实将关税收入视为实现更大目标的“附带收益”,事实是,这些关税根本无法改变国家债务或福利项目的发展轨迹。在多数情况下,甚至可能让情况变得更糟。
为了经济发展,最高法院应制止这种滥用权力的行为。
白宫官员在向法院提交的正式陈述中声称,若法院裁定总统无权援引《国际紧急经济权力法》(IEEPA)单方面征收关税,由此造成的财政损失将“导致国家财政陷入崩溃”。
实事求是地说,若最高法院做出不利于白宫的裁决,确实会对财政产生负面影响。美国税收基金会发现,若继续援引《国际紧急经济权力法》征收关税,未来十年将带来约1.8万亿美元收入。尽管共和党人曾对如此规模的增税举措表示反对,但此次增税举措需结合关税引发的其他弊端综合考量。
首先,据我们估算,特朗普政府发起的贸易战将导致美国经济萎缩近0.4%。仅这一冲击,就会使关税的潜在收入减少逾4000亿美元。总体而言,纵观未来十年的财政收入前景,即便在最理想的情况下,援引《国际紧急经济权力法》征收关税带来的收入占国家总收入的比例也不到2%。
这笔资金根本无法解决社会保障和联邦医疗保险面临的严峻前景。
由于2017年特朗普减税政策通过今年的《大而美法案》(OBBBA)得以延续,到2034年,美国公共债务占国内生产总值的比例将从基准预测值117.1%攀升至124.6%。即便在此期间援引《国际紧急经济权力法》全面征收关税,债务比率也仅能降至122.3%。
这些预测令人震惊且不寒而栗。未来数年,美国公共债务占国内生产总值的比例将创下历史新高,而援引《国际紧急经济权力法》征收关税收效甚微。若无重大政策调整,联邦医疗保险和社会保障信托基金将在2033年耗尽。
社会保障和联邦医疗保险由工资税提供资金支持,这意味着我们需要活跃且不断增长的劳动力来维持其运转。但援引《国际紧急经济权力法》征收关税却适得其反:在不考虑其他国家采取报复措施的情况下,我们估算这些增税措施将导致近42.8万个工作岗位流失。
重大问题需要重大解决方案。总统认为其发起的贸易战能改善国家财政前景,这种想法或许值得赞赏。若解决社会保障和联邦医疗保险危机只需注入更多资金,那么关税或许值得纳入讨论范畴。
但在这场辩论中,显而易见的是,这种权衡所付出的代价远超风险收益。
这场贸易战正在摧毁就业岗位,损害外交关系,更成为美国史上规模最大的增税措施之一——平均每个家庭每年需额外负担1300美元。
援引《国际紧急经济权力法》征收关税无法挽救美国的福利项目,这或许正是白宫律师在大法官面前不再强调其收入论点的原因。但这些关税仍将对美国劳动力市场和民众钱包造成新一轮打击。限制总统单方面实施重大增税举措权力,无疑是广受认可的裁决。
本文作者丹尼尔·邦恩(Daniel Bunn)担任美国税收基金会(Tax Foundation)主席兼首席执行官。
Fortune.com上发表的评论文章中表达的观点,仅代表作者本人的观点,不代表《财富》杂志的观点和立场。
译者:中慧言-王芳(*)
The Supreme Court recently heard arguments in a case that will decide whether the president overstepped his authority by invoking an old war law to justify imposing tariffs on seemingly every country and product under the sun. Though White House lawyers changed their tune in front of the justices, up till this point, one of the administration’s defenses throughout this trade war is that these tariffs are needed because they bring in substantial revenue for the country, money that could be used to help turn the tide on Social Security’s and Medicare’s fiscal outlooks.
But whether the administration actually believes this tariff revenue is “incidental” to their larger goal, the truth is these tariffs will not alter the trajectory of our national debt or entitlement programs. In many cases, it may make their outlook worse.
For the sake of the economy, SCOTUS should put an end to this abuse of power.
In their official brief to the Court, White House officials claimed that if the courts decide that the law in question, the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), can’t be used for unilaterally levying tariffs, the lost revenue would “lead to financial ruin.”
A spade should be called a spade, and it’s true that if SCOTUS rules against the White House, there would be a negative fiscal impact. Tax Foundation finds that the IEEPA tariffs will raise about $1.8 trillion over the next decade if they stay in place. Though Republicans once balked at tax hikes of that size, this one in particular needs to be considered in the context of the other ills these tariffs bring.
To begin, Trump’s trade war will shrink the economy by nearly 0.4 percent, per our estimates. That hit alone reduces the tariffs’ revenue potential by more than $400 billion. All in all, when you look at the revenue window for the next 10 years, even a best-case scenario leads to the IEEPA tariffs accounting for less than 2 percent of the country’s total revenue.
That amount of money is not going to be the solution to Social Security’s and Medicare’s dire outlook.
By 2034, due in part to the extension of the 2017 Trump tax cuts through this year’s One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA), the amount of debt held by the public will rise from a projected baseline of 117.1 percent to 124.6 percent. It will only fall to 122.3 percent if the IEEPA tariff revenue is fully collected over that time period.
These are astonishing, scary outlooks. Publicly held debt is set to rise to a higher share of GDP than ever recorded over the next few years, and the IEEPA tariffs would do little to move the needle. Absent any major changes, Medicare’s and Social Security’s trust funds are set to run dry by 2033.
Social Security and Medicare are funded by payroll taxes, meaning we need an active and growing workforce to help keep their wheels turning. The IEEPA tariffs would have the opposite effect: before factoring in retaliation from other countries, we estimate that these tax hikes would lead to a loss of nearly 428,000 workers.
Big problems require big solutions. And maybe it’s admirable that the president believes his trade war could improve our fiscal outlook. If the simple solution to the crisis facing Social Security and Medicare were simply more money, perhaps tariffs could be a topic worthy of debate.
But in that debate, it becomes clear that the trade-offs aren’t worth the risk.
This trade war is a jobs crusher. It’s a strain on our diplomatic relationships. And it’s one of the largest tax hikes in American history, costing the average household $1,300 per year.
The IEEPA tariffs cannot save our entitlement programs, which may be why White House lawyers backed off their revenue argument in front of the Justices, but they will be another blow to our workforce and pocketbooks. Limitations on the president’s power to unilaterally impose significant tax hikes would be a welcome decision.
Daniel Bunn is president and CEO of the Tax Foundation.
The opinions expressed in Fortune.com commentary pieces are solely the views of their authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions and beliefs of Fortune.
