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美国Z世代职场真相:多数劳动者缺乏话语权,深陷低质量工作

财富中文网 2025-10-21 05:00:37

美国Z世代职场真相:多数劳动者缺乏话语权,深陷低质量工作
图片来源:Getty Images

近日,一项具有里程碑意义的研究显示,多数美国劳动者所从事的工作未能达到基本的优质岗位标准。这项由盖茨基金会(Gates Foundation)等机构支持的盖洛普美国工作岗位质量研究(American Job Quality Study,AJQS),对全美超过18,000名劳动者进行了调查。结果显示,仅有40%的美国在职者从事的是“优质工作岗位”,即薪酬公平、工作稳定、受到尊重、具备成长机会,且能在工作中拥有一定话语权;而占多数的约60%的在职者所从事的工作岗位未能达到这个标准。

这项年度研究旨在直接衡量美国各经济领域的工作岗位质量,是全美首个颇具代表性的研究。该研究由盖洛普(Gallup)、家庭与工人基金会(Families and Workers Fund)、未来就业组织(Jobs for the Future)以及W.E. Upjohn研究所(W.E. Upjohn Institute)共同牵头,并得到了盖茨基金会等机构的支持。不同于以往仅关注就业率或平均薪资等常规指标,该研究从五个核心维度评价工作岗位的质量:经济福祉、职场文化与安全、成长机会、主体性与话语权,以及工作结构与自主性。

报告指出,优质工作岗位不仅带来更好的职业表现,也关系到更高的生活满意度。然而,当前的劳动力市场并未让所有人感受到同等的生活满意度或幸福感:四分之一的雇员认为在当前的职位中晋升无望。与此同时,获得指导和培训的机会也不均等,仅略高于半数的雇员表示在过去一年中接受过在职培训。

在报告发布前的新闻发布会上,盖洛普高级合伙人斯蒂芬妮·马克恩回应了《财富》杂志的提问。《财富》杂志先前的报道将劣质工作岗位与劳动者(尤其是年轻的Z世代劳动者)日益严重的“绝望感”联系起来。她回应称:“不幸的是,两者之间确实存在直接关联。”该研究将这种“绝望感”定义为幸福感水平的下降。“我们确实发现,美国劳动者乃至整个成年人口在过去15至20年间,整体幸福感持续下降,孤独、孤立、焦虑、压力和担忧的情绪不断加剧。”

马克恩指出,美国在新冠疫情之前就存在“幸福感危机”,疫情使这一危机进一步加深。她补充道,盖洛普认为,从人生目标、职业发展和财务状况三个维度来看,幸福感是实现个人心理健康的“关键因素”。“对许多人而言,职场生活对他们抵御某些负面压力的能力有着超乎寻常的影响。研究发现,这些压力因素不仅在美国,在全球范围内都在切实增加,在年轻劳动者中表现得尤为明显。”

谈及Z世代时,马克恩表示,盖洛普的研究一再印证,年轻劳动者“对雇主有着不同于以往的期待”。凭借长达40年的数据积累,盖洛普能够清晰地对比不同世代的变化趋势,“我们确实发现,特别是Z世代,对雇主有着截然不同的期待。”与千禧一代相比,Z世代更看重心理健康与工作生活平衡,这些因素在他们择业考量中的权重远超以往。

关键发现:不幸福、不稳定与不平等

研究人员发现,就业与幸福感之间普遍存在脱节。高达29%的劳动者形容自己在经济上“只能勉强维持生计”或“难以维持生计”,而仅27%表示自己“生活舒适”。约四分之一的雇员表示缺乏晋升机会,超过一半的人感觉被排除在重要的工作决策之外。该研究还发现,美国职场存在明显的“话语权差距”——即劳动者目前在薪酬、工作条件以及职场技术应用等方面的实际话语权,与他们认为理应拥有的话语权之间存在落差。这些差距在各类群体中普遍存在,尤以教育和社会服务等领域最为突出。

工作岗位质量研究发现,不平等现象无处不在。男性从事优质工作岗位的比例明显高于女性(45%比34%),类似的差距也存在于种族、教育程度和地区之间。仅有33%或更少的非裔、西语裔、多族裔或中东/北非裔劳动者表示自己拥有优质工作岗位,远低于白人(42%)和亚裔美国人(46%)劳动者的比例。没有大学学历的劳动者以及18至24岁的年轻人,是拥有优质工作岗位可能性最低的群体之一。

心理上的代价:倦怠与不满

该研究显示,工作岗位的质量度与整体幸福感、健康状况和满意度密切相关。拥有优质工作岗位的人群,对生活和工作高度满意的概率是其他人的两倍以上。他们也更可能表示自己感到幸福、健康,情绪状态良好。相比之下,日复一日的劳碌正对心理健康造成侵蚀:54%的雇员表示经常或有时需要加班。大多数人(62%)的工作安排缺乏可预期性与稳定性。遭遇不公平待遇或歧视的比例仍然偏高:近四分之一的劳动者表示曾因身份因素遭受不公平对待,特别是非二元性别和神经多样性员工面临更为严峻的挑战。

报告援引了一位名叫丽莎的公立学校教师的感言。她直言不讳地表示:“和婆婆住在一起成了我最大的依靠。如果我必须独自生活或者和家人住在公寓里,我知道自己根本无力负担。”研究结果也印证了这种普遍感受。报告认为,充满压力、财务不稳定和缺乏掌控感,已成为当下美国职场生活的常态。(*)

译者:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

近日,一项具有里程碑意义的研究显示,多数美国劳动者所从事的工作未能达到基本的优质岗位标准。这项由盖茨基金会(Gates Foundation)等机构支持的盖洛普美国工作岗位质量研究(American Job Quality Study,AJQS),对全美超过18,000名劳动者进行了调查。结果显示,仅有40%的美国在职者从事的是“优质工作岗位”,即薪酬公平、工作稳定、受到尊重、具备成长机会,且能在工作中拥有一定话语权;而占多数的约60%的在职者所从事的工作岗位未能达到这个标准。

这项年度研究旨在直接衡量美国各经济领域的工作岗位质量,是全美首个颇具代表性的研究。该研究由盖洛普(Gallup)、家庭与工人基金会(Families and Workers Fund)、未来就业组织(Jobs for the Future)以及W.E. Upjohn研究所(W.E. Upjohn Institute)共同牵头,并得到了盖茨基金会等机构的支持。不同于以往仅关注就业率或平均薪资等常规指标,该研究从五个核心维度评价工作岗位的质量:经济福祉、职场文化与安全、成长机会、主体性与话语权,以及工作结构与自主性。

报告指出,优质工作岗位不仅带来更好的职业表现,也关系到更高的生活满意度。然而,当前的劳动力市场并未让所有人感受到同等的生活满意度或幸福感:四分之一的雇员认为在当前的职位中晋升无望。与此同时,获得指导和培训的机会也不均等,仅略高于半数的雇员表示在过去一年中接受过在职培训。

在报告发布前的新闻发布会上,盖洛普高级合伙人斯蒂芬妮·马克恩回应了《财富》杂志的提问。《财富》杂志先前的报道将劣质工作岗位与劳动者(尤其是年轻的Z世代劳动者)日益严重的“绝望感”联系起来。她回应称:“不幸的是,两者之间确实存在直接关联。”该研究将这种“绝望感”定义为幸福感水平的下降。“我们确实发现,美国劳动者乃至整个成年人口在过去15至20年间,整体幸福感持续下降,孤独、孤立、焦虑、压力和担忧的情绪不断加剧。”

马克恩指出,美国在新冠疫情之前就存在“幸福感危机”,疫情使这一危机进一步加深。她补充道,盖洛普认为,从人生目标、职业发展和财务状况三个维度来看,幸福感是实现个人心理健康的“关键因素”。“对许多人而言,职场生活对他们抵御某些负面压力的能力有着超乎寻常的影响。研究发现,这些压力因素不仅在美国,在全球范围内都在切实增加,在年轻劳动者中表现得尤为明显。”

谈及Z世代时,马克恩表示,盖洛普的研究一再印证,年轻劳动者“对雇主有着不同于以往的期待”。凭借长达40年的数据积累,盖洛普能够清晰地对比不同世代的变化趋势,“我们确实发现,特别是Z世代,对雇主有着截然不同的期待。”与千禧一代相比,Z世代更看重心理健康与工作生活平衡,这些因素在他们择业考量中的权重远超以往。

关键发现:不幸福、不稳定与不平等

研究人员发现,就业与幸福感之间普遍存在脱节。高达29%的劳动者形容自己在经济上“只能勉强维持生计”或“难以维持生计”,而仅27%表示自己“生活舒适”。约四分之一的雇员表示缺乏晋升机会,超过一半的人感觉被排除在重要的工作决策之外。该研究还发现,美国职场存在明显的“话语权差距”——即劳动者目前在薪酬、工作条件以及职场技术应用等方面的实际话语权,与他们认为理应拥有的话语权之间存在落差。这些差距在各类群体中普遍存在,尤以教育和社会服务等领域最为突出。

工作岗位质量研究发现,不平等现象无处不在。男性从事优质工作岗位的比例明显高于女性(45%比34%),类似的差距也存在于种族、教育程度和地区之间。仅有33%或更少的非裔、西语裔、多族裔或中东/北非裔劳动者表示自己拥有优质工作岗位,远低于白人(42%)和亚裔美国人(46%)劳动者的比例。没有大学学历的劳动者以及18至24岁的年轻人,是拥有优质工作岗位可能性最低的群体之一。

心理上的代价:倦怠与不满

该研究显示,工作岗位的质量度与整体幸福感、健康状况和满意度密切相关。拥有优质工作岗位的人群,对生活和工作高度满意的概率是其他人的两倍以上。他们也更可能表示自己感到幸福、健康,情绪状态良好。相比之下,日复一日的劳碌正对心理健康造成侵蚀:54%的雇员表示经常或有时需要加班。大多数人(62%)的工作安排缺乏可预期性与稳定性。遭遇不公平待遇或歧视的比例仍然偏高:近四分之一的劳动者表示曾因身份因素遭受不公平对待,特别是非二元性别和神经多样性员工面临更为严峻的挑战。

报告援引了一位名叫丽莎的公立学校教师的感言。她直言不讳地表示:“和婆婆住在一起成了我最大的依靠。如果我必须独自生活或者和家人住在公寓里,我知道自己根本无力负担。”研究结果也印证了这种普遍感受。报告认为,充满压力、财务不稳定和缺乏掌控感,已成为当下美国职场生活的常态。(*)

译者:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

Most U.S. workers are employed in jobs that do not meet basic standards for quality, according to a landmark study released today that was backed by, among others, the Gates Foundation. Gallup’s American Job Quality Study (AJQS), which surveyed more than 18,000 workers across the nation, concludes that just 40% of working Americans hold “quality jobs”—roles that offer fair pay, stability, respect, opportunities for growth, and a voice in how the job is done. A significant majority—about 60%—work in jobs that fall short.

The annual study is the first-ever nationally representative effort to directly measure job quality across every sector of the U.S. economy. Led by Gallup, the Families and Workers Fund, Jobs for the Future, and the W.E. Upjohn Institute, and supported by the Gates Foundation and other groups. It goes beyond standard measures like employment rates or wage averages, instead evaluating five core dimensions: financial well-being, workplace culture and safety, opportunity for growth, agency and input, and structure and autonomy.

The report also finds that quality jobs are linked to better outcomes, not just at work but in life, and the workforce is not giving equal life satisfaction or happiness to everyone: one in four employees do not see opportunities for advancement in their current role. Meanwhile, access to mentorship and training is uneven, as just over half of employees reported on-the-job training in the past year.

In a press briefing ahead of the report’s publication, Gallup senior partner Stephanie Marken responded to a question from Fortune about prior reporting linking poor quality jobs to rising worker “despair,” especially among young, Gen Z workers. “Unfortunately, there’s a direct relationship,” she said, between poor-quality jobs and rates of despair, which the study reports as low rates of wellbeing. “We’ve seen, really, a rising tide of unhappiness, loneliness, isolation, anxiety, stress, and worry among not just U.S. workers, but the total U.S. adult population really for the better part of the last 15 to 20 years.”

Marken said Covid worsened a “wellbeing crisis” that predated the pandemic. Gallup sees wellbeing from a purpose, career, and financial perspective as being “critical pieces of the puzzle” in attaining individual psychological health, she added. “For so many people, their work life has that outsized impact on their ability to fight off some of those negative stressors that we’ve been seeing really increase, not just in the U.S., but globally in all of our research, especially for younger workers.”

Regarding Gen Z, Marken said Gallup research often confirms that young workers are “looking for different things from their employers.” Given that Gallup has 40-year data trends at its fingertips and can see individual generations that came before, “and we do see that Gen Z in particular is looking for something very different from their employer population.” Often, they’re looking for mental health and work-life balance considerations in an outsized way compared to millennials.

Key Findings: Unhappiness, instability, and inequality

Researchers find a widespread disconnect between employment and well-being. A striking 29% of workers describe themselves as “just getting by” or “finding it difficult to get by” financially. Only 27% say they are “living comfortably.” About a quarter of employees report no opportunities for advancement, and over half feel left out of important workplace decisions. The study identifies significant “voice gaps”—differences between how much say workers currently have and how much they believe they should have, particularly around pay, working conditions, and the adoption of workplace technologies. These gaps are ubiquitous, touching every demographic, and are especially wide in fields like education and social services.

Inequality is woven through the job quality landscape. Men are more likely than women to have quality jobs (45% vs. 34%), and similar gaps exist by race, education, and region. Only 33% or fewer Black, Hispanic, multiracial, or Middle Eastern/North African workers report having quality jobs, while the figure is higher among White (42%) and Asian American (46%) workers. Workers without a college degree—and young adults aged 18-24—are among the least likely to hold quality jobs.

The human toll: Burnout and discontent

The study links job quality directly to overall happiness, health, and satisfaction. Those in quality jobs are more than twice as likely to report being highly satisfied with their lives and their work. They are also more likely to say they feel happy, healthy, and emotionally well. In contrast, the daily grind takes a psychological toll: 54% of all employees report often or sometimes working longer than planned. Most—62%—lack predictable, stable schedules. Rates of unfair treatment or discrimination remain high: nearly one in four workers reports being treated unfairly due to identity factors, with nonbinary and neurodivergent employees facing especially steep challenges.

Lisa, a public school teacher cited in the report, put it bluntly: “Living with my mother-in-law is the biggest help. If I had to live alone or with my family in an apartment … I know that I would not be able to afford it. There’s no way.” The findings echo this sentiment, painting a picture of stress, financial instability, and lack of control that, according to the report, have become routine in American working life.

*