
在未来,埃隆·马斯克将人类比作象征性的“菜农”。
特斯拉(Tesla)首席执行官上周三在华盛顿特区举行的美沙投资论坛(U.S.-Saudi Investment Forum)上表示,未来10到20年内,工作将成为可选项,并将选择是否工作比作打理菜园——后者显然更费力气。
“我的预测是,工作将成为可选项。就像进行体育运动或玩电子游戏之类的活动一样,”马斯克说。“如果你想工作,[这就像]你可以去商店买些蔬菜,或者你也可以在后院自己种菜。在后院种菜要辛苦得多,但有些人仍然这么做,因为他们喜欢种菜。”
据马斯克所言,未来工作成为可选项,将是数百万机器人进入劳动力市场、从而带来生产力大幅提升的结果。这位身价约4700亿美元的科技巨头最近一直在努力拓展特斯拉的业务,超越电动汽车领域,致力于整合其庞大的商业利益,以实现其由人工智能和机器人驱动的更宏大未来愿景。这包括他的一个目标,即让特斯拉80%的价值来自其Optimus机器人,尽管这款人形机器人持续面临生产延误。
对许多其他人而言,自动化未来的前景并不那么光明,尤其是在人们对AI取代入门级工作岗位存在担忧且已有早期证据的情况下,这可能加剧了Z世代的就业市场困境和收入增长停滞——这更像是一场噩梦,而非乌托邦式的梦想。
但马斯克说,在他设想的自动化、工作自愿的未来,金钱将不是问题。马斯克借鉴了伊恩·M·班克斯(Iain M. Banks)的《文明》(Culture)系列科幻小说,这位自称社会主义者的作者在书中构想了一个充满超级智能AI生物、没有传统工作的后稀缺世界。
“在那些书里,货币是不存在的。这有点意思,”马斯克说。“我猜想,如果时间足够长——假设人工智能和机器人技术持续进步,这似乎是可能的——金钱将变得无关紧要。”
在2024年Viva Technology大会上,马斯克提出“全民高收入”将支撑一个无需必要工作的世界,不过他未提供该体系如何运作的细节。他的理由与OpenAI首席执行官萨姆·奥尔特曼(Sam Altman)的观点不谋而合,后者一直倡导全民基本收入,即通常由政府无条件向个人定期发放款项。
“商品或服务不会出现短缺,”马斯克在去年的会议上表示。
特斯拉未立即回应《财富》的置评请求。
马斯克的“工作可选”愿景能否实现?
经济学家认为,实现马斯克所描述的世界将面临挑战。首先,未来几十年内,实现工作自动化的技术能否普及且成本可承受是个问题。宾夕法尼亚大学经济学家、公共政策副教授伊奥娜·马林内斯库(Ioana Marinescu)表示,虽然人工智能的成本正在下降,但机器人技术仍然昂贵,难以规模化。她与同事康拉德·科尔丁(Konrad Kording)本月早些时候在布鲁金斯学会(Brookings Institution)发表了一篇工作论文。(例如,人工智能费用管理平台Ramp在4月份指出,企业现在为每100万个词元——驱动人工智能的基本单位——支付2.50美元,而一年前是10美元。)
“自工业革命以来,我们一直在规模化地制造机器,”马林内斯库告诉《财富》。“我们从经济学中知道……对于这类活动,你经常会遇到收益递减,因为在你已经从事了数个世纪的技术领域取得进展变得越来越难。”
她说,人工智能正在迅速发展。大语言模型可以应用于无数的白领职业,而她说自动化劳动力所必需的物理机器不仅更昂贵,而且高度专业化,这导致它们在工作场所的应用速度放缓。
马林内斯库赞同马斯克关于全面自动化成为劳动力未来的愿景,但她对他提出的时间表表示怀疑——不仅因为机器人技术的局限性,还因为尽管最近出现了与科技相关的裁员,人工智能在工作场所的采用速度仍不如预期。耶鲁大学预算实验室(Yale Budget Lab)10月份的一份报告发现,自ChatGPT于2022年11月公开发布以来,“更广泛的劳动力市场并未因人工智能自动化而经历明显的动荡”。
此外,还有劳动力市场的这些彻底变革对数百万乃至数十亿失业者意味着什么的问题。天普大学(Temple University)劳动经济学助理教授塞缪尔·所罗门(Samuel Solomon)表示,即使确立了实行全民基本收入的必要性,找到实现它的政治意愿也是另一个问题。他告诉《财富》,支持转型后劳动力的政治结构将与技术结构同等重要。
“人工智能已经创造了大量财富,并将继续创造财富,”所罗门说。“但我认为一个关键问题是:这会具有包容性吗?它会创造包容性的繁荣吗?它会创造包容性的增长吗?每个人都会受益吗?”
在这场人工智能工业革命中,现有体系似乎正在扩大贫富差距,从马斯克的1万亿美元薪酬方案开始便是如此。阿波罗全球管理公司(Apollo Global Management)首席经济学家托尔斯滕·斯洛克(Torsten Slok)指出,不断膨胀的人工智能泡沫也凸显了阶级差异,由于人工智能热潮,对“美股七巨头”的盈利预期被上调,而对标普500指数中其余493家公司的预期则被下调。这表明,截至目前情况如此。
“富裕美国人因其股票投资组合飙升而增加的支出,是增长最重要的单一驱动力,”斯洛克在本月早些的一篇博客文章中写道。
存在性变革
理清一个工作可选世界的复杂物流是一回事。弄清楚这是否是人类真正想要的则是另一回事。
“如果劳动力的经济价值下降,以至于劳动不再那么有用,我们将不得不重新思考我们的社会结构,”弗吉尼亚大学变革性人工智能倡议经济学项目教授兼系主任安东·科里内克(Anton Korinek)告诉《财富》。
科里内克引用了一些研究,例如具有里程碑意义的1938年哈佛大学(Harvard University)研究,该研究发现人类从有意义的关系中获得满足感。他说,目前这些关系大多来自工作。在马斯克设想的未来,后代将不得不转变建立有意义关系的模式。
马斯克去年在Viva Technology大会上就人类的存在性未来发表了自己的看法。
“问题实际上将关乎意义:如果计算机和机器人能比你更好地做所有事情,你的生活还有意义吗?”他说。“我确实认为人类在其中或许仍有一席之地——我们可以赋予人工智能意义。”(*)
译者:刘进龙
审校:汪皓
在未来,埃隆·马斯克将人类比作象征性的“菜农”。
特斯拉(Tesla)首席执行官上周三在华盛顿特区举行的美沙投资论坛(U.S.-Saudi Investment Forum)上表示,未来10到20年内,工作将成为可选项,并将选择是否工作比作打理菜园——后者显然更费力气。
“我的预测是,工作将成为可选项。就像进行体育运动或玩电子游戏之类的活动一样,”马斯克说。“如果你想工作,[这就像]你可以去商店买些蔬菜,或者你也可以在后院自己种菜。在后院种菜要辛苦得多,但有些人仍然这么做,因为他们喜欢种菜。”
据马斯克所言,未来工作成为可选项,将是数百万机器人进入劳动力市场、从而带来生产力大幅提升的结果。这位身价约4700亿美元的科技巨头最近一直在努力拓展特斯拉的业务,超越电动汽车领域,致力于整合其庞大的商业利益,以实现其由人工智能和机器人驱动的更宏大未来愿景。这包括他的一个目标,即让特斯拉80%的价值来自其Optimus机器人,尽管这款人形机器人持续面临生产延误。
对许多其他人而言,自动化未来的前景并不那么光明,尤其是在人们对AI取代入门级工作岗位存在担忧且已有早期证据的情况下,这可能加剧了Z世代的就业市场困境和收入增长停滞——这更像是一场噩梦,而非乌托邦式的梦想。
但马斯克说,在他设想的自动化、工作自愿的未来,金钱将不是问题。马斯克借鉴了伊恩·M·班克斯(Iain M. Banks)的《文明》(Culture)系列科幻小说,这位自称社会主义者的作者在书中构想了一个充满超级智能AI生物、没有传统工作的后稀缺世界。
“在那些书里,货币是不存在的。这有点意思,”马斯克说。“我猜想,如果时间足够长——假设人工智能和机器人技术持续进步,这似乎是可能的——金钱将变得无关紧要。”
在2024年Viva Technology大会上,马斯克提出“全民高收入”将支撑一个无需必要工作的世界,不过他未提供该体系如何运作的细节。他的理由与OpenAI首席执行官萨姆·奥尔特曼(Sam Altman)的观点不谋而合,后者一直倡导全民基本收入,即通常由政府无条件向个人定期发放款项。
“商品或服务不会出现短缺,”马斯克在去年的会议上表示。
特斯拉未立即回应《财富》的置评请求。
马斯克的“工作可选”愿景能否实现?
经济学家认为,实现马斯克所描述的世界将面临挑战。首先,未来几十年内,实现工作自动化的技术能否普及且成本可承受是个问题。宾夕法尼亚大学经济学家、公共政策副教授伊奥娜·马林内斯库(Ioana Marinescu)表示,虽然人工智能的成本正在下降,但机器人技术仍然昂贵,难以规模化。她与同事康拉德·科尔丁(Konrad Kording)本月早些时候在布鲁金斯学会(Brookings Institution)发表了一篇工作论文。(例如,人工智能费用管理平台Ramp在4月份指出,企业现在为每100万个词元——驱动人工智能的基本单位——支付2.50美元,而一年前是10美元。)
“自工业革命以来,我们一直在规模化地制造机器,”马林内斯库告诉《财富》。“我们从经济学中知道……对于这类活动,你经常会遇到收益递减,因为在你已经从事了数个世纪的技术领域取得进展变得越来越难。”
她说,人工智能正在迅速发展。大语言模型可以应用于无数的白领职业,而她说自动化劳动力所必需的物理机器不仅更昂贵,而且高度专业化,这导致它们在工作场所的应用速度放缓。
马林内斯库赞同马斯克关于全面自动化成为劳动力未来的愿景,但她对他提出的时间表表示怀疑——不仅因为机器人技术的局限性,还因为尽管最近出现了与科技相关的裁员,人工智能在工作场所的采用速度仍不如预期。耶鲁大学预算实验室(Yale Budget Lab)10月份的一份报告发现,自ChatGPT于2022年11月公开发布以来,“更广泛的劳动力市场并未因人工智能自动化而经历明显的动荡”。
此外,还有劳动力市场的这些彻底变革对数百万乃至数十亿失业者意味着什么的问题。天普大学(Temple University)劳动经济学助理教授塞缪尔·所罗门(Samuel Solomon)表示,即使确立了实行全民基本收入的必要性,找到实现它的政治意愿也是另一个问题。他告诉《财富》,支持转型后劳动力的政治结构将与技术结构同等重要。
“人工智能已经创造了大量财富,并将继续创造财富,”所罗门说。“但我认为一个关键问题是:这会具有包容性吗?它会创造包容性的繁荣吗?它会创造包容性的增长吗?每个人都会受益吗?”
在这场人工智能工业革命中,现有体系似乎正在扩大贫富差距,从马斯克的1万亿美元薪酬方案开始便是如此。阿波罗全球管理公司(Apollo Global Management)首席经济学家托尔斯滕·斯洛克(Torsten Slok)指出,不断膨胀的人工智能泡沫也凸显了阶级差异,由于人工智能热潮,对“美股七巨头”的盈利预期被上调,而对标普500指数中其余493家公司的预期则被下调。这表明,截至目前情况如此。
“富裕美国人因其股票投资组合飙升而增加的支出,是增长最重要的单一驱动力,”斯洛克在本月早些的一篇博客文章中写道。
存在性变革
理清一个工作可选世界的复杂物流是一回事。弄清楚这是否是人类真正想要的则是另一回事。
“如果劳动力的经济价值下降,以至于劳动不再那么有用,我们将不得不重新思考我们的社会结构,”弗吉尼亚大学变革性人工智能倡议经济学项目教授兼系主任安东·科里内克(Anton Korinek)告诉《财富》。
科里内克引用了一些研究,例如具有里程碑意义的1938年哈佛大学(Harvard University)研究,该研究发现人类从有意义的关系中获得满足感。他说,目前这些关系大多来自工作。在马斯克设想的未来,后代将不得不转变建立有意义关系的模式。
马斯克去年在Viva Technology大会上就人类的存在性未来发表了自己的看法。
“问题实际上将关乎意义:如果计算机和机器人能比你更好地做所有事情,你的生活还有意义吗?”他说。“我确实认为人类在其中或许仍有一席之地——我们可以赋予人工智能意义。”(*)
译者:刘进龙
审校:汪皓
In the future, Elon Musk sees humans as metaphorical vegetable farmers.
The Tesla CEO said at the U.S.-Saudi Investment Forum in Washington, D.C., on Wednesday that in the next 10 to 20 years, work will be optional, likening the decision to have a job to the more laborious upkeep of a vegetable garden.
“My prediction is that work will be optional. It'll be like playing sports or a video game or something like that,” Musk said. “If you want to work, [it's] the same way you can go to the store and just buy some vegetables, or you can grow vegetables in your backyard. It's much harder to grow vegetables in your backyard, and some people still do it because they like growing vegetables.”
The future of optional work will be the result of millions of robots in the workforce able to usher in a wave of enhanced productivity, according to Musk. The tech mogul, worth about $470 billion, has made the recent push to expand Tesla beyond just electric vehicles, working on consolidating his sprawling business interests into his broader vision of an AI-fueled, robotic-powered future. That includes his goal of having 80% of Tesla's value come from his Optimus robots, despite continuous production delays for the humanoid bots.
To many others, the notion of an automated future is less bright, particularly amid concerns about and early evidence of AI displacing entry-level jobs, which may be contributing to Gen Z's job market woes and flatlining income growth---more of a nightmare than a utopian dream.
But in Musk's automated, job-voluntary future, money won't be an issue, he said. Musk takes a page from Iain M. Banks' Culture series of science fiction novels, in which the self-proclaimed socialist author conjures a post-scarcity world filled with superintelligent AI beings and no traditional jobs.
“In those books, money doesn't exist. It's kind of interesting,” Musk said. “And my guess is, if you go out long enough---assuming there's a continued improvement in AI and robotics, which seems likely---money will stop being relevant.”
At Viva Technology 2024, Musk suggested “universal high income” would sustain a world without necessary work, though he did not offer details on how this system would function. His reasoning rhymes with that of OpenAI CEO Sam Altman, who has advocated for universal basic income, or regular payments given unconditionally to individuals, usually by the government.
“There would be no shortage of goods or services,” Musk said at last year's conference.
Tesla did not immediately respond to Fortune's request for comment.
Is Musk's optional-work vision possible?
Creating the world Musk is describing will be a challenge, according to economists. First of all, there's the question of whether the technology to automate jobs will be accessible and affordable in the next couple of decades. While the cost of AI is decreasing, robotics are stubbornly expensive, making them harder to scale, according to Ioana Marinescu, an economist and associate professor of public policy at the University of Pennsylvania, who alongside colleague Konrad Kording published a working paper at the Brookings Institution earlier this month. (For example, AI expense management platform Ramp noted in April that companies are now paying $2.50 per 1 million tokens---the fundamental unit for powering AI---compared with $10 a year ago.)
“We've been at it making machines forever, since the industrial revolution, at scale,” Marinescu told Fortune. “We know from economics that ... you often run---for these kinds of activities---into decreasing returns, as it gets harder in order to make progress in a line of technology that you've been at, in this case, for a couple of centuries.”
AI is progressing rapidly, she said. Large language models can be applied to myriad white-collar careers, while physical machines, which she said are necessary in automated labor, are not only more expensive, but highly specialized, contributing to the slowdown in their workplace implementation.
Marinescu agrees with Musk's vision of full-scale automation as the future of labor, but she is dubious about his timeline---not only because of the limitations of robotics, but also because AI adoption in the workplace is still not as rapid as anticipated, despite recent tech-related layoffs. A Yale Budget Lab report from October found that since ChatGPT's November 2022 public release, the “broader labor market has not experienced a discernible disruption” because of AI automation.
Then there's the matter of what these sweeping changes in labor will mean for the millions---or possibly billions---of people without jobs. Even with an established need for a universal basic income, finding the political willpower to make it happen is a different issue, said Samuel Solomon, an assistant professor of labor economics at Temple University. He told Fortune the political structure supporting the transformed labor force will be just as important as the technological one.
“AI has already created so much wealth and will continue to,” Solomon said. “But I think one key question is: Is this going to be inclusive? Will it create inclusive prosperity? Will it create inclusive growth? Will everyone benefit?”
The current systems have appeared to widen the gap between the haves and have-nots during this AI industrial revolution, beginning with Musk's $1 trillion pay package. A ballooning AI bubble has also illuminated class differences, with earnings expectations being revised up for the Magnificent Seven because of the AI boom, while expectations for the rest of the S&P 493 are being revised down, according to Apollo Global Management chief economist Torsten Slok. It suggests that as of today.
“Spending by well-off Americans, driven by their surging stock portfolios, is the single most significant driver of growth,” Slok wrote in a blog post earlier this month.
Existential changes
Ironing out the complicated logistics of a work-optional world is one thing. Figuring out whether that's something humans really want is another.
“If the economic value of labor declines so that labor is just not very useful anymore, we'll have to rethink how our society is structured,” Anton Korinek, professor and faculty director of the Economics of Transformative AI Initiative at the University of Virginia, told Fortune.
Korinek cited research, such as the landmark 1938 Harvard University study that found humans derive satisfaction from meaningful relationships. Most of those relationships right now come from work, he said. In Musk's imagined future, the coming generations will have to shift the paradigm of establishing meaningful relationships.
Musk offered his own take on the existential future of humans at Viva Technology last year.
“The question will really be one of meaning: If the computer and robots can do everything better than you, does your life have meaning?” he said. “I do think there's perhaps still a role for humans in this---in that we may give AI meaning.”
